| ID | 191059 |
| Title Proper | Populism in Pakistan |
| Other Title Information | the exclusionary-Inclusionary divide in the politics of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Imran Khan |
| Language | ENG |
| Author | Batool, Fizza |
| Summary / Abstract (Note) | Prior research on Latin American and European populism has used the inclusionary and exclusionary distinction to differentiate between Left- and Right-wing populism. As Right-wing populists demand exclusion of immigrants and foreigners and Left-wing populists demand inclusion of the lower social class in the political landscape, the former is described as exclusionary and the latter as inclusionary. In this paper, I test this typology, comparing the populism of two political leaders in Pakistan across two different eras: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during 1967–77 and Imran Khan during 1996–2022. I argue that in the absence of an overarching liberal discourse, the inclusionary-exclusionary distinction has no meaning because populists of illiberal democracies can rely upon a greater ideological malleability, swinging between inclusionary to exclusionary politics in accordance with the demands of the moment. |
| `In' analytical Note | South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Vol. 46, No.2; Apr 2023: p.265-282 |
| Journal Source | South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Vol: 46 No 2 |
| Key Words | Pakistan ; Populism ; Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ; Imran Khan ; Illiberal Democracies ; Exclusionary Populis ; Inclusionary Populism |