| Summary/Abstract |
This essay critically reviews this symposium's essays on process tracing and security studies by James Mahoney, Andrew Bennett, and Nina Tannenwald. It covers three major issues that have not been adequately addressed by previous writings on process tracing: the relationship of single case studies to more general causal claims, the conceptualization of causation, and the criteria of valid causal inference. It introduces the “completeness standard,” which combines causal graphs, event history maps, and invariant causal mechanisms. The completeness standard, it argues, bridges unit-level causal inferences and average treatment effects, invokes an epistemologically warranted conceptualization of causation, and better satisfies existing standards of causal inference by making unit homogeneity assumptions more credible.
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