| ID | 110830 |
| Title Proper | Why the United States did not become a party to the Kyoto protocol |
| Other Title Information | German, Norwegian, and US perspectives |
| Language | ENG |
| Author | Hovi, Jon ; Sprinz, Detlef F ; Bang, Guri |
| Publication | 2012. |
| Summary / Abstract (Note) | According to two-level game theory, negotiators tailor agreements at the international level to be ratifiable at the domestic level. This did not happen in the Kyoto negotiations, however, in the US case. We interviewed 26 German, Norwegian, and US participants in and observers of the climate negotiations concerning their views on three explanations for why the United States did not become a party to Kyoto. Explanation 1 argues that Kyoto delegations mistakenly thought the Senate was bluffing when adopting Byrd-Hagel. Explanation 2 contends that Europeans preferred a more ambitious agreement without US participation to a less ambitious agreement with US participation. Finally, explanation 3 suggests that in Kyoto the Clinton-Gore administration gave up on Senate ratification, and essentially pushed for an agreement that would provide them a climate-friendly face. While all explanations received some support from interviewees, explanation 1 and (particularly) explanation 3 received considerably more support than explanation 2. |
| `In' analytical Note | European Journal of International Relations Vol. 18, No.1; Mar 2012: p.129-150 |
| Journal Source | European Journal of International Relations Vol. 18, No.1; Mar 2012: p.129-150 |
| Key Words | Climate Negotiations ; Kyoto Protocol ; Ratification ; Two - Level Games ; US Climate Policy |