| ID | 130951 |
| Title Proper | Referendums on independence, 1860-2011 |
| Language | ENG |
| Author | Qvortrup, Matt |
| Publication | 2014. |
| Summary / Abstract (Note) | There have been more than 50 independence referendums since the middle of the 19th Century when Texas, Virginia and Tennessee-albeit unsuccessfully-voted to leave the USA. A handful of plebiscites were held in each decade after 1945, but most independence referendums were held after the break-down of communism. Most have resulted in majorities for independence. However, such plebiscites have been rare in countries with established systems of democratic government and the results may not be a fair reflection of the views of the voters. When referendums have been held in democratic countries, they have often resulted in a no-vote (though Montenegro is an exception to the rule). Referendums have on a few occasions resulted in the exacerbation of ethnic conflict, such as in Bosnia-Herzegovina and in East Timor. But generally speaking referendums are not correlated with civil war; indeed, war resulted in only 13 percent of the cases. |
| `In' analytical Note | Political Quarterly Vol.85, No.1; January-March 2014: p.57-64 |
| Journal Source | Political Quarterly Vol.85, No.1; January-March 2014: p.57-64 |
| Key Words | Referendum ; Nationalism ; Plebiscite ; Scotland ; Political Campaigns ; United Kingdom - UK ; British Empire ; History ; History - United Kingdom ; Timor ; Civil War ; United State - US ; Democratic Government ; Ethnic Conflicts ; Political System |