| ID | 134441 |
| Title Proper | Enduring menace |
| Other Title Information | the triad societies of Southeast China |
| Language | ENG |
| Author | Oudenaren, John S Van |
| Summary / Abstract (Note) | Since the 1980s, Hong Kong triad societies have evolved from hierarchical, pyramidal organizations to loose, compartmentalized syndicates that retain a modicum of hierarchy. Changes in triad organization and modus operandi occurred in response to stringent anti-organized crime measures enacted in Hong Kong. However, organizational evolution has facilitated triad transplantation to China and improved triads’ ability to engage in transnational crime. Triads have exploited favorable circumstances in China: prevalent corruption, rapid urbanization, and high demand for illicit goods and services. This paper includes two case studies of the Sun Yee On triad. The first examines Sun Yee On's localized activity by tracing the evolution of one Shenzhen area chapter. The second case study examines Sun Yee On's role as a supplier of methamphetamine precursor chemicals to Mexico's Sinaloa cartel. Sun Yee On exemplifies how modern triads have become hybridized, assuming attributes of both local Chinese organized crime and transnational criminal networks. |
| `In' analytical Note | Asian Affairs: An American Review Vol.41, No.3; Jul-Sep.2014; p.127-153 |
| Journal Source | Asian Affairs: An American Review Vol: 41 No 3 |
| Key Words | organized crime ; China ; Hong Kong ; Transnational organized crime ; Case Study ; People’s Republic of China ; Triad Society |