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| 1 |
ID:
192821
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| Summary/Abstract |
To effectively address global warming, all countries need to achieve carbon neutral targets as soon as possible, and it is of great importance when China, as the world's largest emitter, achieves its carbon peak and subsequently its carbon neutral target. To examine these twin goals of achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality, we comprehensively apply the component data method, the cointegration analysis method and the scenario analysis method. By presenting 27 scenarios of achieving carbon neutrality on the basis of first achieving a carbon peak through economic growth rate adjustment and energy consumption structure, the results show that under low economic growth and low-carbon energy consumption scenarios, China's carbon emissions will peak in 2026, and will achieve the carbon neutrality target in 2056. However, under other scenarios, the carbon peak is only reached in 2030, and China cannot achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Therefore, China needs to accept slower economic growth and achieve a cleaner net-zero energy consumption structure.
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| 2 |
ID:
192788
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| Summary/Abstract |
Various market design options have been implemented or proposed in order to address the missing money problem and facilitate the energy transition. In order to analyze the performance of energy-only markets, and energy markets supplemented by shortage pricing and/or capacity remuneration mechanisms, we develop a capacity expansion model for the European system. A number of market design scenarios are simulated until the year 2050. We consider a range of sensitivity analyses so as to understand the effect of various market design options on the performance of energy markets and their variants, as well as the effects of cross-border coordination. The findings of this paper indicate that capacity remuneration mechanisms are sensitive to numerous non-obvious design parameters and can sometimes lead to over-dimensioning, even if the effect on total cost can be less pronounced, whereas shortage pricing appears as a no-regret measure because price adders recede when there is abundant flexibility in the system.
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| 3 |
ID:
192780
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| Summary/Abstract |
Distributed rooftop photovoltaics (PV) is one of the pillars of the energy transition yet their widespread integration strains grids, leading to over-voltage, reverse power flow, and infrastructure strain. Furthermore, increased PV self-consumption reduces imported electricity, posing challenges for cost recovery by Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), whose grid costs were traditionally tied to volumetric tariffs. To investigate whether alternative tariffs could mitigate PV impacts at the distribution level without hampering PV development, we assess five electricity tariffs that could help the DSOs to recover the costs of maintaining the distribution grid. We also analyze their effects on private storage investment and their implications for urban, semi-urban, and rural low-voltage networks. We found that tariffs with a capacity-based component promote further adoption of PV and storage. At the same time, they allow the DSOs to recover the grid cost without incurring relevant economic differences for the customer. Our study found that alternative tariffs like dynamic and capacity-based tariffs promote the adoption of storage and PV systems. While no single tariff alone can fully mitigate PV impacts at the distribution level, our results point towards the need of managing PV export through solutions like PV curtailment.
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| 4 |
ID:
192824
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper discusses the relationship between bank connections and low-carbon innovation. It is empirically found that the existence of bank connections is expected to decrease the corporate low-carbon innovation level by 0.0369 standard deviations. The results hold after a series of robustness tests, including the introduction of the propensity score matching method. In addition, this paper discusses the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and finds that CSR promotion can significantly mitigate the negative impact of bank connections on corporate low-carbon innovation. Furthermore, this paper explores the reasons why enterprises construct bank connections from the environmental perspective and finds that both strict environmental regulation and a low level of green credit development may contribute to enterprisesā construction of bank connections. These findings reveal for the first time the environmental costs of corporate banking relationships and form policy recommendations on how to reduce adverse effects.
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| 5 |
ID:
192831
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| Summary/Abstract |
International Oil Companies (IOCs) represent a significant source of capital and expertise that could be deployed to contribute to the investment required to achieve the energy transition to a low carbon future. This paper sheds light on the current motivations for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) by the various energy sectors and focusses on policies and commercial contexts that would favour IOCs incorporating renewables into their core business. An empirical analysis of a twenty-year history of M&A in the energy sector, covering over 10,000 transactions, is complemented by an economic model that differentiates between investment for innovation and investment for scale and transaction benefit. The analysis confirms that in the case of renewables, IOCs are currently at the exploratory stage of business development and appear to be valuing innovation based on renewables on subset of their business. The analysis concludes that IOCs favour core investment in functioning competitive energy markets rather than in rate-of-return regulated assets, and that for IOCs in particular policies and market rules directed towards that end would favour both near- and long-term investment by them into low carbon energy.
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| 6 |
ID:
192798
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Asia Pacific region is notable for its vulnerability to climate change, its varied ability to respond to its impacts, and its dependence on coal. However, recent years have seen an increase in the use of renewable energy sources. We focus on the ājust energy transitionā, a framework which emphasizes the necessity for social justice in a low carbon world. But how well are Asia Pacific states performing in matters of justice and energy transition? We outline four components of a just transition initiative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and increase investments in clean energy, based on open-access quantitative data. These include increasing investments in clean energy, prioritizing equity in decision-making, developing comprehensive financing strategies, and prioritizing restorative justice approaches. The aim is to ensure affected communities are fairly compensated for losses, have access to employment rights programs, and can transition towards new jobs in alternative sectors.
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| 7 |
ID:
192817
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| Summary/Abstract |
The carbon market policy is an effective means to promote green and low-carbon development, and is important for China to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. We manually collated a list of non-pilot cities, neighbouring the regions implementing carbon market policies. With the panel data from 2006 to 2017, we examined the impact and mechanisms of the policy on non-pilot cities. The study found that the policy of the pilot city not only worked in its region but also promoted green and low-carbon development in the neighbouring non-pilot regions. This kind of external effect is self-reinforcing. Policy spillover effects and industrial relocation are important mechanisms for carbon market policies to exert externalities. However, the āpollution refuge hypothesisā holds if polluting industries dominate neighbouring areas. Further analysis shows that carbon market policies are more likely to have a point-to-surface effect in neighbouring cities if officials of the pilot city are at a critical stage. Such effect is strongest in Beijing, followed by Shanghai, while it is not effective in Hubei and Guangdong. Moreover, we found that carbon market policies were with synergistic effects in terms of carbon and pollution reduction.
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| 8 |
ID:
192797
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| Summary/Abstract |
This study analyses the impact of clean energy use on rural residents' subjective health outcomes (self-reported health status, health change, and discomfort) and objective health outcomes (bronchitis, asthma, medical expenditure, and fitness expenditure). Using an inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment estimator and the 2018 China Family Panel Studies data, we address the selection bias associated with clean energy use and estimate the treatment effects. The empirical results show that farmers using clean energy (liquid gas, natural gas, methane, solar energy, or electricity) as the primary cooking fuel report improved health, a lower probability of physical discomfort, and higher fitness expenditures than non-users. Clean energy use does not significantly affect self-reported health, the probability of having bronchitis and asthma, or medical expenditures. The health effects of clean energy use on men differ from those on women; they also vary across different economic strata. We also find that farmersā decisions to use clean energy are positively associated with their educational level, household income, whether they rent farmland, and their happiness levels but are negatively related to their age, family size, whether they own real estate, and the ratio of elders in their household.
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| 9 |
ID:
192802
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| Summary/Abstract |
Transitioning to an equitable electricity sector requires a deep understanding of a warming climate's impacts on vulnerable populations. A vital climate adaptation measure is deploying air-conditioning (AC), but AC use can increase household energy costs. We evaluate how a warming climate will affect regional energy equity by tying temperature projections with household temperature response functions derived from smart-meter electricity data in Phoenix, Arizona. We simulate future consumption changes under two climate change scenarios from 2020 to 2070, with and without AC efficiency upgrades.
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| 10 |
ID:
192826
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| Summary/Abstract |
This research advances knowledge regarding social equity as it relates to electricity network charges, renewable investments, and household income. While much research has examined social equity issues related to electricity access, research has yet to fully explore how different network tariff designs used to recover the cost of renewable energy investments, such as those related to āContracts-for-Differenceā (CfDs), impact low-income individuals. We accordingly examine CfDs in more detail, assessing if regressive effects emerge from levying CfD cost recovery via network charges. By analysing energy use and network design charges in Australia, we find that CfDs are a regressive form of taxation used by state governments to fund renewable energy commitments. We illustrate the impact that CfDs have on different energy users and provide recommendations to reform renewable energy policies to provide greater social equity.
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| 11 |
ID:
192809
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| Summary/Abstract |
China is currently having a lot of conversations about energy and corruption. This research explores how corruption and energy investment affect energy efficiency by employing statistical methodologies and analyzing data spanning from 2000 to 2017. The research findings indicate that corruption has a detrimental effect on energy efficiency. Further analysis reveals that energy investment acts as a mediator in this relationship. The influence of corruption on energy efficiency varies depending on the endowment of energy resources and the level of performance pressure. Regions with lower endowments of energy resources experience a greater detrimental impact of corruption on energy efficiency. However, in regions with higher endowments of energy resources, energy investment has a complete mediating effect. In regions with lower performance pressure, corruption significantly reduces energy efficiency, whereas, in regions with higher performance pressure, the mediating role of energy investment is more prominent. The approval system reform in the energy investment sector since 2013 has reduced the adverse impact of corruption on energy investment and, consequently, on energy efficiency. These research findings offer valuable insights for the Chinese government to address shortcomings, combat corruption in the energy sector, optimize energy investment, and enhance energy efficiency further.
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| 12 |
ID:
192830
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| Summary/Abstract |
Does market-incentivized energy policy encourage low-carbon growth in resource-based cities (RBCs)? How to turn the resource curse and the carbon curse into blessings depends on the answer to this question. Using panel data from 122 Chinese RBCs, we assess the policy effect of the carbon emissions trading system (CETS) through staggered difference-in-differences. The CETS effectively reduces carbon emissions in RBCs, and the policy effect is more pronounced in the short term. Mechanism analysis demonstrates that the CETS optimizes industrial and energy consumption structures, promotes technological progress, and enhances government and public environmental concerns. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the CETS is more effective at reducing carbon emissions in mature RBCs than in declining RBCs, which stems from the fact that public concern is ineffective in the latter. The nonlinear relationship finds the existence of inverted U- and M-shaped evolutionary characteristics of the low-carbon transition in RBCs. Our findings highlight the carbon marketās vital role in RBCs' low-carbon transformation.
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| 13 |
ID:
192806
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| Summary/Abstract |
Electricity access is an important issue and building capacity for it requires drawing relevant lessons from past policies. In this study, we evaluate the effect of the Jyotigram Yojana, or the lighted village scheme, a supply-side policy intervention during 2003ā08 to increase rural electricity access in Gujarat, India. We hypothesize that policy implementation is associated with increased electricity consumption. To test this hypothesis, we exploit variation in the timing of policy implementation at the village level, and use a generalized difference-in-differences strategy for identification. Further, we use night-time luminosity measured through remote sensing as a proxy for electricity consumption, and control for weather, village fixed effect, year fixed effect, and village or administrative block specific time trend. We find that while the overall effect of the policy on night-time luminosity was not statistically significant, the effects were likely heterogeneous, with the night-time luminosity increasing in some districts after policy implementation and decreasing in others. We conclude that the policy might have had a re-distributive effect on electricity access or consumption and recommend adopting a more holistic approach ā incorporating both supply-side and demand-side measures ā to increase electricity access.
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| 14 |
ID:
192812
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| Summary/Abstract |
The choice of suitable sites for microgrids is not only a techno-economic process. Many aspects are important in understanding community support (or lack thereof) for the planning and deployment of grid integration. Alongside usual techno-economic considerations, the site selection process itself must be responsive to the local socio-political context and concerns (e.g., multiple values, needs and expectations of energy infrastructure or perceived fairness of technology deployment). In our project, we developed, in close collaboration with our local partners, an integrated site selection method to address these multiple imperatives. To this end, in addition to socio-technical considerations, our method seeks to (further) democratize network integration technology and its deployment so that it takes into account energy vulnerabilities and inequalities and fully integrates the views of the most affected (especially the most vulnerable) stakeholders into well-informed, place-based deliberative processes. With the support of the method we detail in this paper, we suggest that researchers and practitioners invest time and resources in developing more democratic and place-based site selection methods for microgrids.
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| 15 |
ID:
192813
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| Summary/Abstract |
Although the literature on Targeted Poverty Alleviation (TPA) to economic benefits of poor populations, little is known about its contributor to the climate adaptation ability. This paper examines the effects of TPA on adaptation behaviours of poor households' response to extreme heat, using random month-to-month variation in temperature based on household-level panel data from China. The results show that after the implementation of TPA, one additional day with temperatures above 90Ā° in a month would increase the electricity consumption of households by 0.5%. While considerable heterogeneity is observed across education and health: the low-education and critical illness groups do not experience a electricity consumption increase during hot days, reflecting the potential energy inequality on those specific socio-economic residents in responding to climate change. This paper also identifies that the effects of different measures of TPA on households' adaptation behaviour to hot weather. It finds that crop farming project and breeding project have positive impact on enhancing householdsā high-temperature adaptation compared to tourism and manufacturing projects.
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| 16 |
ID:
192839
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| Summary/Abstract |
Scarce evidence postulates the drivers of eco-innovation in Latin American Countries. This paper aims to contribute empirically to the literature on drivers of eco-efficiencies in this region. We use the last year available in the new LAIS dataset -Latin American Innovation Survey- and apply multivariate probit models. Results show that drivers in this region can be divided into three groups: common, frequent, and occasional. The first one includes market and regulatory factors which affect the three countries; frequent drivers are some technological push drivers whose influence is substantial although only in some countries; and the last one refers to those drivers that have a sporadic effect on eco-efficiencies, such as training and cooperation. Differences also are found distinguishing by type of innovation -product and process, radical and incremental- and by efficiencies -energy, material, and environmental-.
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| 17 |
ID:
192822
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| Summary/Abstract |
The global consensus on overcoming climate change and environmental sustainability has increased the urgency towards formulating stringent environmental and fiscal policy instruments in achieve environmental sustainability. The current study extends policy deliberations by studying how energy transition and fiscal policy measures impact the ecological footprint of BRICST economies from 1995 to 2021. Our findings from Driscoll-Kraay standard errors, FMOLS, DOLS, and method of moments quantile regression identify that energy transition, renewable energy, taxation revenues and green innovation improve environmental sustainability, while non-renewable energy consumption and governmental expenditures exacerbate environmental challenges. Our econometric analysis allows us to propose that policymakers must use fiscal policy measures to introduce structural changes and foster the adoption of environmental technologies in the industrial sector. Furthermore, developing economies must broaden tax base to increase environmental spending on upgrading renewable energy infrastructure and lower ecological burden.
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| 18 |
ID:
192799
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| Summary/Abstract |
Building sustainable cities should guarantee affordable energy. The high cost of energy consumption remains a problem in the process of renewing cities. By using the difference-in-differences method, this paper examines the effect of shantytown renovation, an urban renewal initiative, on residential energy consumption expenditure. The results show that: (1) shantytown renovation significantly reduced residential energy consumption expenditure, and the result still held after a series of robust tests. (2) Shantytown renovation reduced the share of residential energy consumption expenditure in total consumption and subsistence consumption expenditure. (3) Household consumption expenditure per capita was a potential channel through which shantytown renovation affected residential energy consumption expenditure as well as its share. (4) Through analyzing the differences in urban-rural divide, household registration, and consumption levels among households, shantytown renovation significantly reduced residential energy consumption expenditure and its share among urban households, non-mobile households, and households with medium consumption levels. (5) Shantytown renovation had a significantly negative effect on the proportion of residential energy consumption expenditure in subsistence consumption expenditure among households with low consumption levels. The findings of this study offer guidance for raising new cities while more effectively protecting the energy needs of the public, to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals regarding cities and energy.
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| 19 |
ID:
192816
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| Summary/Abstract |
China has become the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide and there is a growing pressure for China to reduce its total carbon emission and intensity. This paper first theorizes the non-linear and spatial effects of digital economy on carbon emission intensity from a technology adoption life-cycle perspective, and then employs a new spatial panel smooth transition threshold model to examine the effects based on a panel data set of 271 prefectural cities in China from 2011 to 2019. The results show that (1) the direct effect of the digital economy on carbon emission intensity follows an inverted āUā-shaped nonlinear relationship, featuring a patten of rising first and then falling after passing the threshold; (2) the spatial spillover effect of the digital economy on carbon emission intensity is nonlinear and exhibits a āUā-shaped pattern; (3) the impact of the digital economy on carbon emission intensity is heterogeneous in different industrial structure types. Although the development of the digital economy can promote carbon emission reduction and efficiency improvement in the old industrial bases, the effect is not evident in the resource-based economic regions. These findings suggest to promote earlier digital technology adoption, regional cooperation and co-governance, and locally adapted policies.
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| 20 |
ID:
192778
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| Summary/Abstract |
Enhancing energy security and cutting carbon emissions have rapidly boosted heavy-duty hydrogen fuel cell truck (HFCT) industry. Heavy-duty HFCT penetration involves four key players: consumers, refueling station operators, heavy-duty HFCT manufacturers, and hydrogen suppliers. Clear comprehension of government subsidy impacts on these agents can boost penetration. We used a system dynamics (SD) model to analyze single-stage and two-stage subsidy policies' impact on four agents, employing Shanghai, China as a case study. Results indicate that (1) Acquisition subsidies are most impactful, followed by refueling station construction subsidies, and R&D subsidies are least efficient, whether two-stage or single-stage. (2) For two-stage subsidies, higher and longer acquisition subsidies in the later stage are preferable, early stage benefits from higher, extended refueling station construction subsidies., the effect of the two-stage subsidy policy for heavy-duty HFCT R&D subsidies is not much different, and the hydrogen R&D subsidy should be lower and longer in the early stage. (3) Lower and longer subsidies for hydrogen R&D in the early stage will have the best subsidy effect. (4) The penetration reacts more to oil price shifts than operational cost changes. Finally, specific policy implications are offered to enhance heavy-duty HFCT adoption.
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