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| 1 |
ID:
107624
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2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Algeria plays a very important role in world energy markets, both as a significant hydrocarbon producer and as an exporter, as well as a key participant in the renewable energy market. Due to its geographical location, Algeria holds one of the highest solar potentials in the world. This paper presents a review of the present renewable energy situation and assesses present and future potential of renewable energy sources (RESs) in Algeria. This paper also discusses the trends and expectation in solar systems applications and the aspects of future implementation of renewable energies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region status. The problem related to the use of RES and polices to enhance the use of these sources are also analysed in this paper. In addition the available capacity building, the technical know-how for each RES technology and localizing manufacturing of renewable energy equipments are defined. The co-importance of both policy and technology investments for the future Algerian markets of RES and competitiveness of the solar/wind approach is emphasized. Some examples of policy significantly impacting Algerian markets are reviewed, and the intention of the new Algerian RES initiative is discussed.
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| 2 |
ID:
179708
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper investigates whether the EU's governance framework facilitates an ambitious transition to renewable energy sources (RES) in the EU and its Member States. First, we propose a comprehensive concept of ambition based on targets, target achievement and enforcement procedure. Second, we analyze empirical evidence regarding these aspects for RES policy in the EU. In particular, Member States' progress towards the 2020 RES targets suggests a modest effect of the EU governance framework on national RES ambitions. Instead, national RES expansion trajectories seem to be strongly path-dependent. Meanwhile, frontrunner Member States' over-achievements enable the EU to close in on its 2020 target.
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| 3 |
ID:
182904
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| Summary/Abstract |
DEPENDING on its opportunities, Russia can vary the intensity and scope of its relations with the US, Europe, the Middle East, and other participants of international relations. But we are entering a unique, new period in world history: an energy transition based on entirely new principles. Russia, as a leader of the world hydrocarbon market, cannot and should not be left out of this process...
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| 4 |
ID:
179719
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper explores the differences in technological priorities for decarbonization of the Russian and the European power sectors up to 2040 and investigates the main drivers of such differences. We used updated cost and performance data to conduct a comparative analysis of technologies based on levelized cost of electricity. Calculation of carbon avoided costs allowed us to found the pool of cost-efficient low-carbon technologies for the Russian power industry as well as the level of carbon prices needed to support their development. Also, we have explained the reasons which cause differences in decarbonization priorities in Russia and Europe. We have also investigated the impact of system requirements (and associated costs) in terms of capacity availability and its operating modes on the competitiveness of renewable energy sources and conventional power plants. Consideration of these requirements and costs improves the quality of power system planning and policy-making processes under the strict limits on greenhouse gas emissions. Based on performed analysis we suggest economically reasonable decarbonization strategy of the Russian power industry as well as the necessary level of carbon prices/taxes for various low- and non-carbon technologies to support their development.
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| 5 |
ID:
166338
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| Summary/Abstract |
Ambitious goals for climate change mitigation and energy security policies are driving deployment of renewable energy sources globally. However, the deployment of renewable energies at scale requires not only public but also private capital, such as foreign direct investment (FDI). Many countries with favourable conditions for renewables, such as the countries of the Middle East and North African (MENA) region, are not attracting sufficient FDI. Risk perceptions of FDI stakeholders are one of the reasons. This paper discusses the de-risking approach as a possible tool to address subjective risk perceptions and assesses with a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model macroeconomic feedback-effects of employing a de-risking strategy for FDI into a particular kind of renewable electricity (RES-E) technology, concentrated solar power, in the MENA region. Our results show that the application of a de-risking approach reduces the costs for deployment of CSP, and therefore, also volumes of subsidies that would be needed to make CSP cost competitive with fossil fuel based electricity generation. This, in turn, leads to positive GDP and welfare effects in the MENA region. Our results allow us developing of recommendations for energy policy the implementation of the de-risking approach as a potential consensual option with high political feasibility to reduce climate change mitigation costs.
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| 6 |
ID:
181366
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| Summary/Abstract |
International Affairs: Yuri Konstantinovich [Shafranik], leading Western economies one after another are deciding to stop using coal in the energy sector. The UK plans to close seven coal-fired power plants in 2022, and its last coal plant will be shut down in 2025. Italy is going to abandon coal that same year. France is accelerating the decommissioning of coal power plants scheduled for 2023. Germany's current coal-fired power generating capacity will be reduced by more than a quarter by 2022. Is the sunset of the coal era just around the corner?
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| 7 |
ID:
099271
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper analyzes carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions related to energy consumption for electricity generation in four Latin-American countries in the context of the liberalization process. From 1990 to 2006, power plants based on renewable energy sources decreased its share in power installed capacity, and the carbon index defined as CO2 emission by unit of energy for electricity production stayed almost constant for all countries with the exception of Colombia, where the index reduced due to increase in hydroelectricity generation in the last years. The paper also presents a new set of policies to promote renewable energy sources that have been developed in the four countries. The paper concludes that restructuring did not bring about environmental benefits related to a decrease in CO2 emissions because this depend on the existence of committed policies, and dedicated institutional and regulatory frameworks.
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| 8 |
ID:
150822
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| Summary/Abstract |
In this study we aim at providing an analytical framework for Turkey to study the macroeconomics and environmental impacts of the existing coal subsidization scheme. To this end we develop a regionally differentiated applied general equilibrium model spanning over 2015–2030. Our analytical apparatus focuses exclusively on the fiscal implications as well as the environmental repercussions of the removal of the subsidies on greenhouse gas emissions. With the aid of a set of alternative policy scenarios against a “business as usual” path, we study the regional and sectorial performances of growth, employment, investment and capital accumulation, consumption/welfare and trade balance. Our results indicate that by simple elimination of the coal subsidization scheme, Turkey can reduce its aggregate gaseous emissions by as much as 5% without a significant loss in its GDP.
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| 9 |
ID:
150370
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper applies a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to evaluate public policy mechanisms that foster energy efficiency and renewable energy sources in the Greek building sector, based on stakeholders’ understanding and perceptions of the functionality of policy instruments. The objective is to shed light on the implementation of currently employed policy mechanisms that aim to achieve the 2020 energy savings targets and beyond, providing useful information to policy makers for future policy (re-) formulations. In this framework, policy instruments were evaluated against process-related criteria, such as implementation costs, distributional effects, and coherence of policy processes, so as to highlight successful policy practices during their implementation phase as well as to unveil cases of policy underperformance or unintended policy outcomes. To hedge uncertainties related to policy instrument selection, the method employs probabilistic evaluations of every alternative against each criterion. The MCA results showed that the country is still missing significant energy saving opportunities that could be reached through more streamlined implementation practices and political support. In times of fiscal crisis, the Greek government should also revitalize the implementation of alternative funding mechanisms and support policy alternatives such as green public procurement, voluntary agreements, and energy performance contracting.
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| 10 |
ID:
125633
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper applies a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) to evaluate public policies mechanisms to promote the dissemination of energy efficiency (EE) and on-site renewable energy sources (RES) technologies in Brazilian buildings sector. The objective here is to bring together the advantages of both methods in order to provide more valuable insights to policy makers. The MCA results show that in the case of more integrative policies, which considers, for instance, potential of jobs creation, the mechanisms to foster distributed RES and solar water heaters are better ranked than in MACC analysis, where only cost-effectiveness of each option is evaluated. Other key finding is that: (1) there is a significant cost effective potential that could be reached through alternative mechanisms not implemented yet in the country, such as public procurement regulation and building codes and; (2) minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) could be broader in scope and more stringent and include the use of energy in standby mode and tubular fluorescent lamps. In particular, some important appliances such as large air conditioning devices should have more aggressive MEPS.
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| 11 |
ID:
166712
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| Summary/Abstract |
Abundant research has focused on the public acceptance of renewable energy sources (RES) since their successful implementation is often dependent on the public. Yet, little is known about the attitudes of university students towards RES whose study field is related to the environment, even though the mindset of these students is considered relevant since they are possible experts in the RES field. To contribute to this neglected research strand, this paper aims to explore the awareness about and attitudes towards RES of students majoring in the Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources at the Democritus University of Thrace in Greece. Results based on quantitative data collected via questionnaire show that the surveyed students support renewables and have awareness about the current polluting energy system. Moreover, they have positive environmental attitudes and fully recognize the need for energy transition. Finally, there are significant differences among students from different years of study, highlighting that fourth- and fifth-year students take greater interest in working in the RES sector after they complete their studies.
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| 12 |
ID:
103413
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Faster market integration of new energy technologies can be achieved by use of proper support mechanisms that will create favourable market conditions for such technologies. The best examples of support mechanisms presented in the last two decades have been the various schemes for the promotion of renewable energy sources (RES). In the EU, the most successful supporting schemes are feed-in tariffs which have significantly increased utilisation of renewable energy sources in Germany, Spain, Portugal, Denmark and many other EU countries. Despite the successful feed-in tariffs for RES promotion, in many cases RES penetration is limited by power system requirements linked to the intermittency of RES sources and technical capabilities of grids. These problems can be solved by implementation of energy storage technologies like reversible or pumped hydro, hydrogen, batteries or any other technology that can be used for balancing or dump load. In this paper, feed-in tariffs for various energy storage technologies are discussed along with a proposal for their application in more appropriate regions. After successful application on islands and outermost regions, energy storage tariffs should be also applied in mainland power systems. Increased use of energy storage could optimise existing assets on the market.
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| 13 |
ID:
111385
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper presents a choice experiment analyzing the consumers' preferences towards a policy for replacing conventional electricity with electricity generated from forest biomass. The results show that consumers specially prefer the effects related to the lower risk of forest fires and to the decrease in pressure on non-renewable resources. The article also presents a methodological test in relation to the payment timeframe and its effect on marginal willingness to pay and consistency of responses using choice experiments. The most frequent and realistic payments are associated with lower presence of inconsistent responses. Finally, we cannot reject the null hypothesis of no effects of payment timeframe on marginal willingness to pay.
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| 14 |
ID:
123903
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE RADICAL ENERGY POLICY SHIFT declared by the German government still remains a priority theme in public debate in the FRG Despite the impressive growth of the proportion of renewable energy sources (RES) in electricity generation, experts and the business community are having increasing doubts about the wisdom of the course taken by the Government in quickly winding down the nuclear energy industry, pushing out hydrocarbon energy resources and speedily introducing RES. How will the break-up of the existing structure of the energy balance tell on the competitiveness of German industry and on household budgets as electricity prices will inevitably rise in the future? Can the weather-dependent wind and solar power plants reliably provide an uninterrupted supply of electricity to businesses? What financial resources will be needed to upgrade and expand the network infrastructure for integrating new parks of RES stations into the national grid?
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| 15 |
ID:
099619
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Renewable Energy Sources Act of Germany has been a success story, thanks to the advantages that derive from promoting energy from renewable sources. The way in which renewable energy sources are promoted under the Renewable Energy Sources Act is a pioneering approach that is unprecedented in Germany or any other country. However, this type of support for innovation cannot be continued indefinitely, for if the federal government's target is of obtaining 30 per cent of electricity supplies from renewable sources by 2020, this form of support must be re-examined and further developed. Renewable sources of energy are important not purely for environmental reasons but also because they contribute to energy security. Nevertheless, it is important that the supply of energy be climate friendly, environment friendly and cost effective, not only in Germany but throughout the world.
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| 16 |
ID:
111361
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
A global alternative mix to fossil fuels is proposed, based on proven renewable energy technologies that do not use scarce materials. The mix consists of a combination of onshore and offshore wind turbines, concentrating solar power stations, hydroelectricity and wave power devices attached to the offshore turbines. Solar photovoltaic power could contribute to the mix if its dependence on scarce materials is solved. The most adequate deployment areas for the power stations are studied, as well as the required space. Material requirements are studied for the generation, power transport and for some future transport systems. The order of magnitude of copper, aluminium, neodymium, lithium, nickel, zinc and platinum that may be required for the proposed solution is obtained and compared with available reserves. Overall, the proposed global alternative to fossil fuels seems technically feasible. However, lithium, nickel and platinum could become limiting materials for future vehicles fleet if no global recycling systems were implemented and rechargeable zinc-air batteries would not be developed; 60% of the current copper reserves would have to be employed in the implementation of the proposed solution. Altogether, they may become a long-term physical constraint, preventing the continuation of the usual exponential growth of energy consumption.
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| 17 |
ID:
177101
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| Summary/Abstract |
Sector coupling (SC) describes the concept of a purposeful connection and interaction of energy sectors to increase the flexibility of supply, demand, and storing. While SC is linked to research on smart energy system and locates itself in the research stream of 100% renewable energy systems, it currently focusses on counteracting challenges of temporal energy balancing induced by the intermittent feed-in of renewable energy sources. As regarding the coupling of grids, SC currently remains within classical energy grids. It does not exploit the coupled sectors’ potential to its full extent and, hence, lacks a holistic view. To include this view, we call on the use of all grids from coupled sectors for spatial energy transportation, resulting in an infrastructural system. By using the different loss structures of coupled grids, we illustrate how a holistic view on SC minimizes transportation losses. We argue that SC should include all grids that transport whichever type of energy (e.g., even transportation or communication grids). Ultimately, we derive and discuss implications relevant for policy makers and research: We illustrate why regulation and market design should be aligned in a way that the resulting incentives within and across the different sectors support climate change goals.
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| 18 |
ID:
166523
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| Summary/Abstract |
In recent years, the climate funds stood out as tool to counter the climate change and its environmental impact financing adaptation. Moreover they represent an instrument to promote practices to support the developing countries in their path towards the sustainability.
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| 19 |
ID:
111365
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Climate change, and more recently, the risk of fossil fuel production being unable to keep pace with demand (peak fossil fuel) are both considered as risks to civilisation, or global risks. In an initial empirical analysis, this paper attempts to answer the following questions, which have often been posed but have not, to our knowledge, been answered empirically at global level. At which date, if unaddressed, will the risks become critical? Given that the substitution of fossil fuels by wind and solar energy is often proposed as a solution to these problems, what is its current aggregate growth rate and is there a plausible future growth rate which would substitute it for fossil fuels before the risks become critical? The study finds that the peak fossil fuel risk will start to be critical by 2020. If however the future growth rate of wind and solar energy production follows that already achieved for the world mobile phone system or the Chinese National Expressway Network the peak fossil fuel risk can be prevented completely. For global warming, the same growth rate provides significant mitigation by reducing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels to zero by the early 2030s.
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| 20 |
ID:
133148
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2014.
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Photovoltaic (PV) has the highest cost reduction potential among all renewable energy sources (RES). To overcome institutional barriers, developing the technology, and creating an initial market, policies are needed. Comparative case studies of Japan and German PV sector from 1990 to 2011 were developed. Japan dominated the PV industry during 1994-2004, PV market increased to 290 MW in 2005. After 2005 Japan×s PV market decreased. German PV market increased from 44 MW in 2000 to 7.5 GW in 2011. The reason behind Japanese PV market decline was the unaligned energy policy and termination of incentives. This paper discusses about successful policy implementation and the impact of policy for the diffusion of PV technology. The analysis section of this paper shows how much the PV technology has been diffused during the period of 1990-2011 and finally what will make the transformation process successful.
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