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| 1 |
ID:
192424
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| Summary/Abstract |
There has been concern that economic globalization will increase energy consumption and reduce energy efficiency. A slew of studies investigating this assertion have used trade, foreign investment, or both as indicators of economic globalization, with mixed findings. A number of concerns challenge the empirical literature including measurement issues, infrequent temporal variations in the data, business cycle effects and heterogeneity bias, which affect the causal ability of economic globalization. This study used global data of 141 countries to assess the effects of economic globalization on energy efficiency. Our identification strategies involved using more refined measures of economic globalization and energy efficiency, addressing infrequent temporal variations as well as business cycle effects and concerns of heterogeneity bias. Largely, economic globalization positively drives energy efficiency, but this effect suffers from upward bias without controls. We note that infrequent temporal variations in the data and business cycle effects and heterogeneity bias drive the result. Concerning the latter, the result has shown that economic globalization improves energy efficiency only in upper-middle and lower-middle income countries and not in high and lower-income countries. Our results raise serious caution about the causal abilities of existing studies. And we discuss the policy implications.
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| 2 |
ID:
186050
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| Summary/Abstract |
Fifty years after the massacre of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics at Munich, this tragic event still occupies a fundamental place in the bloodstained history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In almost all respects it was a groundbreaking event that attracted unprecedented media exposure and substantially increased global awareness of the conflict. It also shaped Israel’s policy vis-à-vis abductions of its citizens by Palestinian terrorist organisations, which culminated in sweeping refusal to negotiate with them.
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| 3 |
ID:
108651
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| 4 |
ID:
121076
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article analyses the alteration of the referent object for maritime security from protection of shipping and port facilities to protection of citizens and national economies. It presents a tentative answer on the extent and consequences of this alteration applied by states in a global perspective, and focuses on validating four explanatory factors on why the alteration has occurred. The time period of study is between 1991 and 2013. Its results illustrate a transition in states' security policies from traditional expressions of maritime security to broader security perspectives, and also indicates radically altered maritime strategic perspectives among states.
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| 5 |
ID:
191590
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Pokhran test carried out by the Indian Atomic Energy Commission on 18 May 1974, by and large, evoked predictable reactions. Those countries that had come to accept the conventional wisdom on the issue of nuclear proliferation expressed regrets ranging from mild to profound. Some Third World countries expressed satisfaction but Pakistan reacted very strongly. The Indian Government’s declaration that the test was part of a series to exploit nuclear explosive technology and that India did not intend to manufacture nuclear weapons was accepted by many governments, while others expressed varying kinds of reservations about it. Within the country, we were proud of the achievements of our scientific and technological community and angry at what we considered to be double standards of those who muted their protests about the tests of the five nuclear weapon powers but came out loud against the safe and well-contained test at Pokhran. Since then, the declaration that this country does not intend to manufacture weapons has been repeated in many forums, both inside and outside the country. At the same time, India’s right to conduct peaceful underground explosions for developing technology has been reasserted and it has been pointed out that this country did not break any treaty but had reserved the right to carry out these explosions since 1967, when it had protested against the prohibition of such peaceful explosions under the Non-Proliferation Treaty. This was one of the reasons why India abstained from that treaty.
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| 6 |
ID:
173634
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“Gandhi enjoyed a long life and is enjoying a vigorous after-life”. Mahatma Gandhi’s message was not just for India. Nor was it just for the times he lived in. Mahatma Gandhi’s message of love and peace, of non-violence and Satyagraha, of equality of all peoples, of harmony between all religions, is a universal message.
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| 7 |
ID:
056945
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| 8 |
ID:
134201
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
War was over, the nations that had participated in it were burdened by enormous war debts. They had financed their war expenditure to a large extent on credit. War bonds had been taken up by the people and, in addition, foreign loans, mostly from the United States, had also been raised.
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