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| 1 |
ID:
021034
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| Publication |
2002.
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| Description |
115-133
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| 2 |
ID:
112632
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In this article, we construct and analyze an original database of overseas Chinese equity oil investments (EOI) in order to assess the relative importance of economic and geopolitical factors in determining the type of countries that are most likely to receive those investments. We find that China's national oil companies (NOCs) choose to make considerable investments in certain oil rich countries while ignoring others. We develop and examine 'economic opportunity' and 'geopolitical relevance' explanations of Chinese EOI. The economic explanation assumes that Chinese oil companies operate autonomously despite the fact that they are state owned, and that they seek international experience in countries offering less competition but more risk. The geopolitical explanation suggests that Chinese equity oil investments are developed and coordinated by the central government as part of a geopolitical strategy that is designed to bypass the so-called 'Malacca Dilemma' and deepen security ties with oil-rich states through the conduct of oil diplomacy. We argue that Chinese EOI tends to reflect both corporate interests and government priorities, and that it generates more liabilities rather than benefits for China.
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| 3 |
ID:
078982
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| Publication |
2007.
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| Summary/Abstract |
China is now the world's second largest oil consuming nation. China's external quest for oil has thus generated much attention and is believed by many to destabilise the world order. This article attempts to provide an overview of China's external initiatives for satisfying domestic oil demands and to examine the implications of China's oil diplomacy on regional and global political stability. The article suggests that China has taken three steps to satisfy its growing domestic demand for oil - expanding overseas oil supplies from the Middle East, diversifying its importing sources by reaching out to Africa, Russia, Central Asia and the Americas, and securing oil transport routes. This article argues that China's oil diplomacy strengthens its ties with oil-producing nations and complicates those with oil-importing nations. Nevertheless, contrary to pessimistic predictions, China's oil diplomacy has neither upset the USA's fundamental policies towards Iraq and Iran, nor has it generated armed clashes in the South China Sea. China has largely accommodated the USA in these areas and has forged joint efforts in energy exploration with its Asian neighbours, except for Japan. China's benign oil diplomacy can be explained by the minor role of oil imports in its energy consumption and, more importantly, by China's peaceful-rise strategy.
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| 4 |
ID:
074593
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| Publication |
2006.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Within the next five years, Chinese trade with Africa is predicted to reach $100 billion per year. Much of this springs from China's growing expansion into Africa's oil markets. It is argued that Chinese oil diplomacy in Africa has two main goals: in the short-term to secure oil supplies to help feed growing domestic demand back in China; and in the long-term, to position China as a global player in the international oil market. Yet at the same time, this oil safari is being accompanied by an explicit stance that emphasizes state sovereignty and 'non-interference' in domestic affairs and is wholly disinterested in transparency or human rights. Consequently, Beijing has increasingly been accused of turning a blind eye to autocracy and corruption. China is also threatening to undercut efforts by the African Union and its western partners to make government and business more accountable. While China is providing investment where little was previously forthcoming, concerns about Beijing's engagement with Africa's oil industries need to be resolved, not least by African leaders themselves.
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| 5 |
ID:
077021
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| 6 |
ID:
074473
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| 7 |
ID:
173527
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| Summary/Abstract |
For more than seven decades in the post war period industrial development is basically dependent on oil for energy requirements. Countries having oil deposits enriched their economies by determining its price and availability. But the process involved more diplomatic maneuvers to achieve political objectives. Invention being the progeny of necessity almost all countries across the world explored oil in their respective territories but US honed its oil production capabilities with potential access to market which underscored the diminutive ability of the organized cartel to control supply and price.
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| 8 |
ID:
173535
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| Summary/Abstract |
Oil is a major concern for all countries of the world. The United States of America is also no exception to this. It is so because oil is sine qua non for human life and human mobility. It is in fact, the life blood of the world society. Since there is a very high importance of oil, all countries of the world crave for oil. Oil has been a double-edged sword for the Middle Eastern politics, simultaneously a source of power and of weakness, of economic development and of inequalities, and of social stabilization and of conflicts.
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| 9 |
ID:
170834
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| 10 |
ID:
060166
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| 11 |
ID:
064872
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