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| 1 |
ID:
187841
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper examines China's domestic production networks. It uses VAT invoices to build inter-provincial input-output tables for 2002 and 2012. These are combined with population censuses to determine the location of workers involved in production. We document i) increased trade in intermediate inputs between provinces; ii) inter-provincial production fragmentation that differs by product; iii) substitution of domestic for foreign intermediates, resulting in increased domestic value added in exports. Information about the occupations of workers suggest that iv) richer coastal areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai specialize in R&D and marketing activities, whereas v) inland provinces specialize in production activities.
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| 2 |
ID:
134367
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper presents a new research agenda on climate change and green growth from the perspective of the division of labor in classical economics. The paper covers three major dimensions of green growth (i.e. carbon emissions, environmental protection and material resources use) and some related important topics, as well as the fresh policy implications of the new research agenda, Typical marginal analysis in a given structure of the division of labor suggests that “green” action is a burden to economic development. Therefore, climate negotiation has become a burden-sharing game and has reached a stalemate. New thinking is badly needed to rescue these negotiations and to drive a shift to a new “green growth” paradigm. The proposed new research agenda represents an effort to create a new narrative on climate change and green growth. Because the new research agenda can theoretically predict the possibility that a more competitive structure of the division of labor could be triggered by “green” policy, it has promising policy implications for various important challenges facing us in the 21st century.
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| 3 |
ID:
100461
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| 4 |
ID:
066826
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| 5 |
ID:
101153
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper studies how industry specialization, diversification, and churning affect unemployment rates in Chinese cities. Using a city level panel data set from 1997 to 2006, we find that in contrast to the evidence from developed countries, industry diversity is positively and significantly associated with unemployment rates, possibly due to the high degree of industry churning during the sample period. We also find that the specialization of construction industry and wholesale and retail trade industry can significantly decrease unemployment rate, but specializing in finance industry increases unemployment rate. Urban growth, market maturity measured by the proportion of private sector employment, and human capital can decrease unemployment rate. The effect of industry structure on unemployment instability is also discussed.
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| 6 |
ID:
159027
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| Summary/Abstract |
While it is well known that China's off farm labor market is emerging rapidly, less is known about the effect of movement off the farm on the farming practices of those that have continued to farm. The overall goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of changes in China's off farm employment on one aspect of the performance of China's agricultural sector: the emergence of specialization in farming. To achieve this goal, we have three specific objectives. First, we document the changes in the flow of labor out of China's villages. Second, we examine how specialization in farming has changed over time. Third, we examine the association between off farm labor flows and specialization. Using panel data from a national representative data collected by the authors between 1999 and 2008, the analysis finds that off farm employment is indeed rising rapidly. At the same time, specialization is occurring off and on the farm. There is a strong and robust correlation between off farm employment and on farm specialization. The results imply that China's agriculture has responded dynamically to the modernization happening elsewhere in the economy.
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| 7 |
ID:
090984
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Specialization in intellectual property law has, in recent years, become an important issue due to the need for an efficient system for the resolution of intellectual property and patent disputes. Specialist courts or panels within existing courts have been developed in many jurisdictions and the question posed in this article is whether New Zealand should follow suit. This article traverses the differing specialist intellectual property (IP) and patent adjudication systems in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Japan to assess what system would best suit New Zealand. The benefits and disadvantages of specialization generally are also discussed. The conclusion is that the time is ripe for some form of specialization in IP matters in New Zealand and that the best model for New Zealand to adopt is one similar to that of the Federal Court of Australia panel system, whereby judges opt into particular panels while still taking on cases within the court's general docket. The article proposes that this specialization in New Zealand should occur in the High Court (trial level) as the real need for specialist knowledge is at the fact-finding stage. It is argued that a panel system would strike the appropriate balance between developing expertise on the bench, allowing for cross-fertilization of legal developments, while also preventing stagnation and idiosyncratic interpretations of the law. Some specialization at intermediate appellate court level is also recommended.
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| 8 |
ID:
163420
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article attempts to discover whether the National People’s Congress (NPC), China’s law-making body, is becoming more specialized and thereby losing its rubber-stamp image. The exploration of the composition of the NPC’s permanent committees demonstrates that specialization is indeed a discernible trend. More and more social elites have been co-opted onto them. The empirical results further attest to the usefulness of the information efficiency theory. Unfortunately, specialization has yet to give the Chinese legislature more autonomy. Only 30% of committee members are privileged to serve more than one five-year term. The influence of the Party-state core and the lack of membership stability have put additional restraints on the NPC’s autonomy.
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| 9 |
ID:
159767
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper is one of the few studies that systematically analyzes housework in the Philippines. It seeks to understand how wages and attitudes to work and family life affect the time devoted to housework. Based on different specifications and estimators, our findings indicate that respondents’ own wages are not a significant predictor of the hours they spend on housework but that they are a significant predictor of the time spouses devote to non-market production. We find that husbands’ housework hours are positively affected by female respondents’ wages, while wives’ housework hours are negatively affected by male respondents’ wages. We turn to the Philippine context to explain these results and find the combination of egalitarian society and gender inequality in the labor market to be plausible explanations. Results also show that both wages and attitudes have direct effects on wives’ housework time but that some of the effects of wages are mediated by respondents’ attitudes toward gender roles.
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