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BRETHERTON, CHARLOTTE (3) answer(s).
 
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1
ID:   127017


EU external policy at the crossroads: the challenge of actorness and effectiveness / Niemann, Arne; Bretherton, Charlotte   Journal Article
Bretherton, Charlotte Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract The goal of this Special Issue is to improve our conceptualisation and empirical understanding of EU actorness and effectiveness in International Relations. While the European Union aspires to play a greater global role, its actorness and effectiveness cannot be taken for granted given the nature of the EU as a multi-level and semi-supranational polity encompassing 28 Member States with diverse foreign policy preferences. The EU is presently at an important crossroad. On the one hand, its external policy stature and capacity have been boosted by institutional innovations and by the Union's increased involvement in the full spectrum of international issues. On the other hand, a number of factors cast doubt on the EU's real external policy actorness and effectiveness: slow and often only modest internal reforms, an increasing politicisation of formally 'low politics' issues, the prolonged sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone, and a less favourable external environment, with the US shifting its focus to the Asia-Pacific region and emerging powers creating a more polycentric world order. In view of these changes and subsequent developments in the scholarly literature, our aim is to re-evaluate earlier conceptions of EU actorness. Central to this re-evaluation will be a shift in focus from notions of actorness to effectiveness. This introductory article will unpack and further elaborate the issues raised in this abstract by delineating the EU as an international actor in the empirical context, by reviewing the existing conceptual literature, defining and conceptualizing key notions and by providing an overview of the contributions to this Special Issue.
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2
ID:   067514


European Union as a global actor / Bretherton, Charlotte; Vogler, John 2006  Book
Vogler, John Book
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Edition 2nd Ed
Publication London, Routledge, 2006.
Description xiv, 273p.
Standard Number 0415282446
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Copies: C:1/I:0,R:0,Q:0
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Accession#Call#Current LocationStatusPolicyLocation
050573341.2422/BRE 050573MainOn ShelfGeneral 
3
ID:   127069


Global actor past its peak? / Bretherton, Charlotte; Vogler, John   Journal Article
Vogler, John Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract Examining a range of policy areas in which the European Union (EU) acts externally - notably trade, development, climate change and foreign and security policy - this article considers the notion that the years since the mid-2000s have witnessed a decline in EU actorness/effectiveness. In evaluating EU performance, the article employs the interrelated concepts of presence, denoting EU status and influence; opportunity, denoting the external context of EU action; and capability, referring to EU policy processes and instruments, with particular reference to the impact of the 2009 Lisbon Treaty. It is contended that achievement of the increased capability envisaged by the Lisbon Treaty, together with resolution of the Eurozone crisis, with its deleterious effect upon the Union's presence, would not fully compensate for the loss of opportunity provided by the changing international structure.
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