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ID:
069821
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| 2 |
ID:
117253
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
There exists considerable evidence that manufacturing costs and consumer prices of residential appliances have decreased in real terms over the last several decades. This phenomenon is generally attributable to manufacturing efficiency gained with cumulative experience producing a certain good, and is modeled by an empirical experience curve. The technical analyses conducted in support of U.S. energy conservation standards for residential appliances and commercial equipment have, until recently, assumed that manufacturing costs and retail prices remain constant during the projected 30-year analysis period. This assumption does not reflect real market price dynamics. Using price data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we present U.S. experience curves for room air conditioners, clothes dryers, central air conditioners, furnaces, and refrigerators and freezers. These experience curves were incorporated into recent energy conservation standards analyses for these products. Including experience curves increases the national consumer net present value of potential standard levels. In some cases a potential standard level exhibits a net benefit when considering experience, whereas without experience it exhibits a net cost. These results highlight the importance of modeling more representative market prices.
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| 3 |
ID:
171361
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| Summary/Abstract |
Adoption of higher energy efficiency for electrical appliances by consumers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is challenged with a number of barriers despite its long term energy savings and economic benefits. Inefficient electrical appliances continue to flood the markets of most SSA countries with just a few of the counties having resolute energy efficiency programs with established energy efficiency standards and labels. This paper examines the barriers to energy efficiency in SSA, with a case study on how Ghana was able to overcome these barriers by using high levels of stakeholder engagement to develop and implement its energy efficiency standards and labels for electrical appliances.
Analysis from this study reveals that the Ghana policy development process is consistent with a quadruple helix model of policy and marketplace innovation. The quadruple-helix analytical framework identifies four key sectors of society: government, academia, industry and public/media that drive energy efficiency knowledge and innovations. The resulting barrier removal and institutional transformations enabled by the quadruple-helix dynamics have laid the foundation for a dramatic expansion of Ghanaian energy efficiency policy-making. New energy efficiency policies in Ghana are expected to revise or implement new efficiency standards on a total of 20 product categories by 2022.
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