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| 1 |
ID:
074067
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| 2 |
ID:
152691
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| Summary/Abstract |
WHAT WAS THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE in the early twentieth century? As a great power it was a rival of other powers - Germany, the UK, France, the North American United States (the USA), and Austria-Hungary. It was not the most developed country industrially and financially; its population was not well educated and was not rich; its elite were no longer close-knit. Its potential, however, was huge; development rates were fast, military might colossal, domestic market vast, cultural and scientific achievements unrivalled, the business circles passionary, and the intelligentsia unselfish, politically active and opposed to the crown.
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| 3 |
ID:
158228
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| Summary/Abstract |
Few academically rigorous accounts exist of the financial activities that sustained the rise of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) during the Northern Ireland Troubles. Through a sustained methodology this study seeks to challenge some popular preconceptions and address omissions in the limited historical record. The article explores the organization's evolving financial sophistication by analyzing PIRA's acquisition of capital rather than its arms dealings. Using a new quantitative evaluation, this investigation confronts the prevailing understanding that Irish-American funds were of unrivaled significance to PIRA. It points to an array of domestic fund-raisers that collectively provided the overwhelming bulk of revenue. The study reveals also how PIRA developed an extensive reliance on criminal gangs for its expertise in illegal fund-raising, suggesting that moneymaking schemes were perceived as a necessary but unpopular by-product of the greater political objective. Finally, this article briefly explores how the British authorities sought to interdict PIRA's funding. While the general perception is that little was done to counteract PIRA's financing initiatives in the early phases of its violent campaign, this study, nevertheless, reveals that a subtle counterfinance initiative did take place in Belfast across the 1970s. Overall, the analysis enables a more rounded comprehension of the group's financial resilience.
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| 4 |
ID:
181352
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE COVID-19 pandemic, which began as just another routine outbreak of infection in a region where many other virus infections are endemic (for example, influenza), became in a matter of months a global medical challenge to states and international institutions and a threat in many other respects [2].
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| 5 |
ID:
147797
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| Summary/Abstract |
The authors review different types of planning as a control function. They provide an essential analysis of strategic and budgetary strategic planning, directed toward creating an integrated target program for the financial activity of enterprises, including those of the defense-industrial complex.
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