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VOTING (40) answer(s).
 
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1
ID:   103364


Anti-immigrant, politically disaffected or still racist after a: examining the attitudinal drivers of extreme right support in Britain in the 2009 European elections / Cuts, David; Ford, Robert; Goodwin, Matthew J   Journal Article
Cuts, David Journal Article
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Publication 2011.
Summary/Abstract The elections to the European Parliament (EP) held in June 2009 marked a breakthrough for the extreme right British National Party (BNP), while in other European states extreme right parties (ERPs) similarly made gains. However, the attitudinal drivers of support for the BNP and ERPs more generally remain under-researched. This article draws on unique data that allow unprecedented insight into the attitudinal profile of ERP voters in Britain - an often neglected case in the wider literature. A series of possible motivational drivers of extreme right support are separated out: racial prejudice, anti-immigrant sentiment, protest against political elites, Euroscepticism, homophobia and Islamophobia. It is found that BNP support in the 2009 EP elections was motivationally diverse, with racist hostility, xenophobia and protest voting all contributing significantly to BNP voting. The analysis suggests that the BNP, which has long been a party stigmatised by associations with racism and violent extremism, made a key breakthrough in 2009. While racist motivations remain the strongest driver of support for the party, it has also begun to win over a broader coalition of anti-immigrant and anti-elite voters.
Key Words Racism  Voting  BNP  Extreme Right 
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2
ID:   126540


Audience costs among the British public: the impact of escalation, crisis type, and prime ministerial rhetoric / Davies, Graeme A. M; Johns, Robert   Journal Article
Johns, Robert Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract This article reports on an audience costs experiment embedded into a survey of the British public (N = 2235). We extend previous research into audience costs in three main directions. First, we provide clear and direct evidence that they exist for a second-order democratic power, the United Kingdom. Second, we show that the extent of audience costs varies, and at times substantially, along with features of the crisis situation that have not been examined empirically in this context before. In particular, the type of crisis strongly influences public reactions both to bluffing in general and to the wisdom or otherwise of escalating crises before backing down. While audience costs do appear to exist for a UK Prime Minister, he or she cannot inflate them by moving up the escalation chain. Rather, a limited use of force tends to mitigate these costs among the British public because it appears to them a more consistent strategy. Third, we show that public disapproval of a failed bluffing strategy is stronger among the more politically engaged, increasing the likelihood that audience costs will be paid at the ballot box.
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3
ID:   108721


Contradictions in formal commonwealth citizenship rights in com / Bloom, Tendayi   Journal Article
Bloom, Tendayi Journal Article
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Publication 2011.
Summary/Abstract In at least 11 member states of the Modern Commonwealth, a citizen of another Commonwealth country may not enter without a visa, but may vote, and sometimes stand for office. This paper presents analyses and contextualises newly compiled data on the rights of Commonwealth citizens to stand for office, to vote, to enter without a visa and to undertake employment without a work permit in Commonwealth countries other than their own. It demonstrates how this affects the internal democratic rights of domestic jurisdictions of member states, as well as citizenship rights in other multi-state groupings. Developing a better understanding of this can form part of the wider project of producing a rounder picture of the nature of the Commonwealth and its internal citizenship rights.
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4
ID:   121125


Crossing the line: local ethnic geography and voting in Ghana / Ichino, Nahomi; Nathan, Noah L   Journal Article
Ichino, Nahomi Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract Theories of instrumental ethnic voting in new democracies propose that voters support co-ethnic politicians because they expect politicians to favor their co-ethnics once in office. But many goods that politicians deliver to voters are locally nonexcludable in rural areas, so the local presence of an ethnic group associated with a politician should affect a rural voter's assessment of how likely she is to benefit from that politician's election. Using geocoded polling-station-level election results alongside survey data from Ghana, we show that otherwise similar voters are less likely to vote for the party of their own ethnic group, and more likely to support a party associated with another group, when the local ethnic geography favors the other group. This result helps account for the imperfect correlation between ethnicity and vote choice in African democracies. More generally, this demonstrates how local community and geographic contexts can modify the information conveyed by ethnicity and influence voter behavior.
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5
ID:   178094


Diaspora voting In Kenya: a promise denied / Wellman, Elizabeth Iams; Whitaker, Beth Elise   Journal Article
Whitaker, Beth Elise Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract In 2010, Kenya extended voting rights to its estimated 3,000,000 citizens living abroad, thus joining a growing number of countries in Africa and around the world to recognize emigrant voting rights. Yet despite a politically engaged diaspora, intensive government outreach to emigrants, and high-stakes electoral competition, fewer than 3,000 Kenyans were permitted to vote from abroad in the 2013 and 2017 presidential elections. What explains the failure of the Kenyan government to implement diaspora voting on a broader scale? Drawing on original interviews and archival documents, this article analyses the tumultuous battle over the adoption and implementation of external voting in Kenya, focusing especially on legal, logistical, and political challenges. We argue that uncertainty about the number of Kenyan emigrants and their political preferences, paired with a highly competitive electoral climate, meant there was little political will to push for more widespread implementation of diaspora voting. Our analysis of external voting in Kenya has implications for diaspora participation in other competitive electoral contexts across the continent and beyond.
Key Words Kenya  Voting  External Voting  Emigrant Voting Rights 
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6
ID:   192867


Digital media consumption and voting among Central Asian youth: why democratic context matters / Bekmagambetov, Amanzhol; Gainous, Jason ; Wagner, Kevin M; Sabitov, Zhaxylyk   Journal Article
Bekmagambetov, Amanzhol Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract A wealth of research examines the relationship between digital media consumption and political participation. Research typically defines participation broadly and focuses on Western contexts. We seek to add to the understanding of this relationship by focusing more directly on the relationship between digital media consumption and the propensity to vote among young people in a less democratic context. To do so, we examine a set of Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) that have varying degrees of democratization. We test whether digital media consumption stimulates voting among respondents aged 18–30, and if this is contingent on how free and fair are the elections. Our results suggest that in the most democratic country, Kyrgyzstan, the relationship between digital media use and the propensity to vote is relatively flat while digital media use in less democratic countries, overall, is associated with a decrease in the propensity to vote.
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7
ID:   120133


Direct democracy and regional integration: citizens' perceptions of treaty implications and the Irish reversal on Lisbon / Garry, John   Journal Article
Garry, John Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract Analyses of voting in European Union referendums typically distinguish between 'second-order' effects and the impact of substantive 'issues'. In order to explain change in referendum outcome, two types of substantive issues are distinguished in this article. Focusing on Irish voting in the Lisbon Treaty referendums and using data from post-referendum surveys, it is found that perceptions of treaty implications outperform underlying attitudes to EU integration in predicting vote choice at both referendums, and perceptions of treaty implications are strong predictors of vote change between the referendums. The findings have broadly positive implications for normative assessments of the usefulness of direct democracy as a tool for legitimising regional integration advance.
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8
ID:   170806


Does electoral violence affect vote choice and willingness to vote? Conjoint analysis of a vignette experiment / Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana; LeBas, Adrienne LeBas   Journal Article
Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Across many new democracies, voters routinely elect candidates associated with violence. Though electoral violence is common, there is little understanding of how it affects voting behaviour. This article examines how electoral violence affects turnout and vote choice. To this end, a vignette experiment is set in a nationally representative survey in Kenya, where electoral violence has been present since the 1990s. In the experiment, voters choose between two rival politicians. The experiment randomizes candidates’ attributes, their rumoured use of electoral violence and their record of reducing poverty. Conjoint analysis is used to isolate the effects of the candidates’ randomized attributes on turnout and vote choice. In contrast to the assumptions made in the literature on electoral violence, voters are less likely to vote for candidates rumoured to have used electoral violence, even when the candidate is a coethnic or a copartisan. This sanctioning effect, however, is not consistent across all voters. Victims of electoral violence and the poorest respondents are less likely to sanction candidates rumoured to have used violence, especially when these candidates have a good record of reducing poverty. The results show that voting turnout decreases when participants are asked to choose between candidates who are rumoured to have used electoral violence. These results are robust to including respondent and interviewer characteristics that might have affected participation in the experiment and how respondents voted. These findings explain why candidates using violence can win elections and why electoral violence has been difficult to eradicate in settings characterized by clientelism and instances of political discourse justifying the use of violence.
Key Words Ethnicity  Kenya  Voting  Turnout  Electoral Violence 
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9
ID:   106356


False choice of liberal democracy: participatory assessment in the international relations classroom / Bousfield, Dan   Journal Article
Bousfield, Dan Journal Article
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Publication 2011.
Summary/Abstract This article discusses practical forms of participatory assessment in the international relations (IR) classroom to examine the relationship between teaching and practicing democracy. These techniques include a series of exercises that allow students to explore the links between IR course content and classroom pedagogy. Drawing on the work of Slavoj Žižek, this study examines the ways in which participatory teaching methods challenge students to think about freedom and participation in the classroom and in general. Creating a responsive and participatory classroom generates important questions about the nature of foreign policy creation and the practical and ideological limits on democracy in IR.
Key Words Liberal Democracy  Pedagogy  Voting  Classroom Assessment  False Choice 
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10
ID:   105909


Fighting and voting: violent conflict and electoral politics / Dunning, Thad   Journal Article
Dunning, Thad Journal Article
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Publication 2011.
Summary/Abstract Two recent research programs-one on the sources of democratic consolidation and another on the causes and consequences of violent conflict-have tended to evolve in relative isolation. The contributions to this special issue of Journal of Conflict Resolution help to bridge this gap, through explicit theoretical and empirical analysis of the relationship between fighting and voting. Armed conflict and electoral politics may be strategic substitutes, in that political actors may optimally choose to submit to the ballot box or instead attempt to impose their will by force; or they may be strategic complements, in that actors use violence to bolster their electoral aims, or use electoral returns as sources of information on underlying preferences that they exploit in armed campaigns. In either case, the distribution of popular support for contending parties can shape not only the incidence but also the type of armed conflict, and it can also influence the incentives of parties to invest in institutional mechanisms that mitigate commitment problems and help to bring violent conflicts to an end. The contributions to this issue illuminate these themes and demonstrate the value of bringing these separate research programs into closer dialogue.
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11
ID:   188029


How Radical Environmental Sabotage Impacts US Elections / Farrer, Ben; Klein, Graig R   Journal Article
Klein, Graig R Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract In this paper we examine the impact of forceful or violent environmental sabotage (FVES) on U.S. elections. We argue that voters see ideological similarities between groups that engage in FVES and other nonviolent environmental organizations, like the Green Party. This means that when an environmentalist organization engages in FVES, it has a negative impact on voter attitudes toward all environmental organizations. Moreover, this negative impact will be stronger if environmentalists had previously made electoral progress, and so they cannot use the excuse that democratic methods had failed and they were forced to turn to FVES. We demonstrate this by showing that when FVES occurs, Green Party candidates tend to win a lower share of the vote in the next election. However, this effect is conditional on the prior electoral history of the Green Party. If the Green Party has a poor electoral record, then sabotage has little effect, but if the Green Party has a better electoral record, then voters are less forgiving of sabotage. We find no evidence that FVES effects Republican or Democratic vote shares. We conclude that different organizations within the same social movement are connected in ways that impact electoral outcomes.
Key Words Political Violence  Environmentalism  Election  Terror  Voting  Green Party 
Eco-sabotag  Ecoterror 
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12
ID:   186404


Income Inequality and Political Participation in Asia / Wong, Mathew Y. H   Journal Article
Wong, Mathew Y. H Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract This paper examines the impact of income inequality on political participation in Asia. Both conventional conflict theory and relative power theory suggest that inequality affects political participation, but they predict opposite directions. In this paper, I argue that the effects of inequality on participation depend on the type of political action: radical or institutional. To substantiate this claim, I analyze four Asian Barometer Survey waves from 2001 to 2014. Using nested models, I find that the effect of income inequality is conditional: it is positively associated with violent activities; has no significant correlation with less radical forms of protest; and is negatively associated with institutional actions, namely voting and persuading others to vote. While the effect does not depend on income level, regime type matters for certain activities. Political capacity, the perception of powerlessness, and trust in government are other potential factors in the relationship.
Key Words Asia  Political Participation  Protest  Voting  Income Inequality 
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13
ID:   111172


Information and heterogeneity in issue voting: evidence from the 2008 presidential election in Taiwan / Lacy, Dean; Niou, Emerson M S   Journal Article
Niou, Emerson M S Journal Article
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Publication 2012.
Summary/Abstract A voter's capacity to acquire and retain information moderates the relationship between issues and the vote. Issues differ in their distance from the voter's personal experience. Proximate issues, such as personal economic conditions, affect the vote decisions of highly informed and less informed voters equally. Distant issues, such as national economic conditions and foreign affairs, affect the vote of highly informed voters but not less informed voters. The 2008 presidential election on Taiwan provides a critical test of the effect of information on issue voting. Unification with mainland China versus Taiwan independence is the most important issue in the 2008 election, and voters with higher levels of political information show a larger effect of the issue on their vote. The national economy is also a significant predictor of vote choice, but only for highly informed voters. Personal economic conditions and other proximate issues are not significant predictors of the vote at any information level.
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14
ID:   189867


Kazakhstan’s Multi-Vector Foreign Policy: A Case Study of Voting on UNGA Resolutions / Yuneman, Roman A.   Journal Article
Yuneman, Roman A. Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract The concept of multi-vector policy underlies Kazakhstan’s foreign policy strategy. However the implementation of this strategy in the UN General Assembly has not yet been studied. In this work, the author analyzes voting cohesion of Kazakhstan and Russia, China, the U.S., and Germany in 2007- 2022, and also studies Kazakhstan’s behavior when the above countries voted oppositely. Based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of voting on more than a thousand resolutions concerning international relations or foreign policy, the author concludes that the main vector of this policy is not Russia, which is formally a key ally of Kazakhstan, but China. Most often Kazakhstan’s foreign policy position is identical to that of China (and least of all to that of the United States). In addition, Kazakhstan avoids offering explicit support to Russia on initiatives related to armed conflicts, including the one in Ukraine.
Key Words China  Russia  Germany  Kazakhstan  Voting  U.S. 
UN General Assembly  (UNGA)  Multi-Vector Policy 
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15
ID:   139529


Leadership turnover and foreign policy change: societal interests, domestic institutions, and voting in the United Nations / Mattes, Michaela; Leeds, Brett Ashley ; Carroll, Royce   Article
Leeds, Brett Ashley Article
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Summary/Abstract This study examines the effect of domestic political change on United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) voting. We argue that foreign policy change is most likely when a new leader—one who relies on different societal groups for support than her predecessor—comes to power. We then examine the extent that domestic institutional context—in particular, democracy—shapes this process. We test our hypotheses using a new measure of UNGA voting patterns and new data on changes in leaders' supporting coalitions. We find that change in the societal support base of leaders leads to change in UN voting, especially in nondemocracies. This study lends credence to the perspective that foreign policy, like domestic policy, can vary with the particular interests that leaders represent; it encourages scholars to focus less on leadership change per se and more on changes in the societal groups to which leaders are most accountable. This study also suggests that democratic institutions inspire policy consistency not only in areas governed by treaties and international law, but also in areas of foreign policy that are easier to alter in the short term.
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16
ID:   168251


Menu of Electoral Manipulation in Zimbabwe: Food Handouts, Violence, Memory, and Fear – Case of Mwenezi East and Bikita West 2017 by-elections / Mwonzora, Gift   Journal Article
Mwonzora, Gift Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Scholars have long been interested in investigating why and how ruling parties manipulate elections in Africa and elsewhere. Despite the importance of such a subject, much remains unknown about the role of incumbents in strategically manipulating electoral processes and outcomes in by-elections in particular. Debate rages on as to whether ruling parties rely exclusively on coercive methods or, in addition, make use of non-repressive methods. In seeking to contribute to addressing this matter, we draw upon a case study of two by-elections held in 2017 in rural constituencies in Zimbabwe, namely Bikita West and Mwenezi East. Our research involved evidence gleaned through personal observations, review of grey literature and personal reflections. Our study established that competitive authoritarian regimes as found in Zimbabwe combine both methods when manipulating by-elections. However, we show that there has been a shift away from heavy reliance on organised acts of naked political violence on the part of the ZANU-PF ruling party since the disputed 2008 elections and in the subsequent 2013 and post-2013 by-elections. Thus, there appears to be an inclination towards the use of subtle methods, including patronage, assisted voting, use of traditional leadership and appealing to the rendition of past violence. Nonetheless, even these methods impinge on the credibility of not only by-elections but also national elections in Zimbabwe.
Key Words Violence  Democracy  Zimbabwe  Elections  Voting  Electoral Manipulation 
By-Elections 
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17
ID:   131672


Paging congressional democrats: it was the immorality, stupid / Cobb, Michael D; Taylor, Andrew J   Journal Article
Cobb, Michael D Journal Article
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Publication 2014.
Key Words Corruption  Democrats  Voting  Republican Party 
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18
ID:   119046


Persistence of caste in India / Sen, Ronojoy   Journal Article
Sen, Ronojoy Journal Article
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Publication 2012.
Key Words Caste  Political Parties  Voting  Reservations  Indian State 
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19
ID:   084245


Poor choices: de-alignment, development and Dalit/Adivasi voting patterns in Indian states / Thachil, Tariq; Herring, Ronald   Journal Article
Thachil, Tariq Journal Article
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Publication 2008.
Summary/Abstract The surprising loss of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led national government in India's 2004 general elections has been generally understood as a rejection of the National Democratic Alliance's campaign that celebrated a 'Shining India' among voters who had not shared in the wealth produced by India's recent growth boom-especially Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe electorates. A close look at the empirical evidence demonstrates that Dalit and Adivasi communities were by no means the homogeneous voting block portrayed in many post-election analyses. Nor did the BJP consistently lose in these constituencies. Both findings undermine the currently popular conceptualization of Indian electoral and party behavior as identity-based or ethnic. Instead, the 2004 results confirmed a growing trend for these disadvantaged populations to vote for radically dissimilar parties across different states-from the Communist Party of India (Marxist), to the Congress, to the Bahujan Samaj Party, or indeed to the BJP itself-driven by plausible calculation of interests. Using national election data from the 1999 and 2004 elections, this paper examines the theoretical puzzle this divergent electoral behavior presents to both the comparative literature on cleavage-based party systems and the scholarship on caste and identity politics in India. We argue that at least some of this variance can be explained by the fact that differences in state-level conditions influence which of the array of strategies used by Indian parties to recruit Dalit and Adivasi voters is likely to be successful. We then analyze the specific puzzle of differential BJP success among Adivasi/Dalit communities. We conclude that the embedded nature of the BJP as a party with social movement characteristics, combined with the poor developmental performance of many Indian states for their most disadvantaged populations, opens a spatially and politically differentiated niche for a social-provisioning electoral strategy. Developing this strategy has aided the BJP in overcoming at least partially its legacy as a Brahmin-Bania party.
Key Words India  Voting  Dalit  De-alignment  Adivasi  Electorate Policy 
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20
ID:   187816


Pray, vote, and money: the double-edged sword effect of religions on rural political participation in China / Liang, Pinghan; Xiao, Shukang   Journal Article
Liang, Pinghan Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract This paper studies the impacts of religions on political participation in rural China. Using a representative national survey data, we show that an increase in the share of religion believers in a village significantly raises the voting participation of individual believers but reduces the voting participation of individual nonbelievers. Instrumental variable estimation and robustness checks support our main empirical results. Consistent with the theory, we show that religion believers groups affect voter turnout decisions through expected pivotality, informational transmission, and increased private benefits from being religious. In particular, an individual believer is significantly more likely to receive poverty-targeting subsidies if there are more believers in the village, indicating the local capture by religion believers groups.
Key Words China  Religions  Voting  Local Capture 
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