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| 1 |
ID:
079920
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| Publication |
2007.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Why do economic sanctions sometimes succeed, but often fail, to produce a policy change? The authors argue that the effect of economic punishment is conditional on a state's political institutions. In all cases, the key to sanctions success is to generate political costs for the target regime's winning coalition. However, because of different institutional incentives, economically punishing sanctions are less likely to succeed against a nondemocratic target than against a democratic target. Sanctions increase rents. This benefits nondemocratic leaders more than democratic ones. Also, nondemocratic leaders have smaller winning coalitions, so their core constituents suffer less from sanctions than democratic leaders. Additionally, the authors' strategic argument leads to novel hypotheses regarding the initiation of sanctions. They test hypotheses from their political cost argument against all dyadic sanctions cases between 1948 and 1990, using two different dependent variables and a censored selection estimator to take into account the strategic nature of sanctioning
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| 2 |
ID:
090473
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The strength of the armed forces, including by the categories of servicemen, is among the crucial qualitative-quantitative parameters characterizing their type. In this connection the substantiation of the number servicemen is one of the important tasks of the theory and practice of the organizational construction of the armed forces.
Solution of this comprehensive task is based on the general principles of military construction expounded in the military doctrine of the Russian federation. The principles of the construction of the armed forces are considered the system-forming elements of the theory and practice of military construction. They are evolved as a result of military theoretical research and the generalization of our own and foreign experience and reflect the basic ideas and rules of the activity of the supreme military-political leadership in the sphere of organizational construction of the armed forces. One of the basic principles in substantiating the strength of the armed force.
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