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1 |
ID:
082030
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Publication |
2008.
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Summary/Abstract |
Americans' feelings about foreign countries are embedded in foreign policy belief systems and affect policy preferences. The analysis of nine surveys of the US general public conducted between 1978 and 2006 indicates that on average Americans have had rather lukewarm or slightly cool, nearly neutral, feelings toward China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, and Indonesia; warm feelings toward Japan and Australia; and cold feelings toward North Korea and (at least since 2001) toward Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Individuals' feelings are affected by certain personal and social characteristics. High levels of formal education tend to make people feel considerably warmer toward most of these countries-especially Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. Education increases information: those who know more about the world generally express warmer feelings. But most important are internationalist attitudes, especially putting a relatively low priority on US domestic threats and concerns, embracing capitalism and world markets, and espousing world antipoverty goals. National security considerations play only a limited part. Policy implications are discussed
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2 |
ID:
086709
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Publication |
2009.
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Summary/Abstract |
The impact of globalization on the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey was first observed broadly in the railways of the transportation sector in the 1850s, and eventually shifted towards highways by the 1950s. This change profoundly affected the structure of the economy, ultimately leading to its integration into the global system. In this article, we look at three questions: what was the role of railways in the Ottoman Empire from the 1850s to 1914? What were the characteristics of modern Turkey's railway policies following the War of Independence? And, finally, how did transport policies shift from railways to highways following the Second World War? The Ottoman railway network held special importance for the Empire's economic integration into world markets. Foreign capital was invested in railways to provide crucial links between production areas and harbours with the goal of facilitating the export of raw materials and agricultural goods with the government's financial support. Until the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, the rail network was unbalanced and lines were unconnected, damaging both the economic unity and integration of the Ottoman economy. Forming a nation state on the basis of a national economy was the primary goal of Republican government. As such, all of the early Republican governments continued building and funding the rail network despite problems allocating sufficient financial resources and pressing needs for social (i.e. a lack of health and education services) and economic development. After the Second World War, following liberalization in economic and political life and an infusion of foreign aid (heavily invested in agriculture and road transportation networks), Turkey saw its economy grow. With this economic expansion, modern Turkey began to shift the focus of its transportation policies from railways to highways. As demand increased and highway investments skyrocketed, a highly developed road transport network began to take shape in Turkey, ultimately at the expense of the railway system.
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