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| 1 |
ID:
081274
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| Publication |
2008.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The experience of Byzantium at war is not merely an intellectual exercise for historians but a vital source of insights pertinent to today and tomorrow's wars. The first part of this article offers a brief overview of the topic and the second part draws pertinent "lessons learned" applicable for modern strategy and policymaking. The argument will emphasize the Byzantine experience in the eleventh century-a period of great variation in Byzantine tactical, strategic, and grand strategic (i.e., political) performance. However, relevant evidence is not limited to that time period.
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| 2 |
ID:
081276
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| Publication |
2008.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Russian Far Eastern policy at the end of the nineteenth century changed from the simple system of bilateral relations to the global system, in which interests and possibilities of Russia and China were not the most important factors. Russian participation in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion led to the stage in which it was very hard to talk about "special relations" between Russian and China. The position of the super-imperialists in the Russian government toward the Far East led to a war with Japan that began in 1904
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| 3 |
ID:
081275
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| Publication |
2008.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The history of southeastern Poland, an area roughly corresponding to the present confines of the Rzeszow Province, has been quite eventful during the last century, which, as is always the case of Central Europe, means ethnic cleansing and ruthless persecution of minorities, including their deportation and/or wholesale extermination. Just seventy years ago this region still included a variety of ethnic groups such as Jews and the Ukrainians; the horrific events of the Second World War doomed the former, while the latter were deported during the Civil War lasting from 1944 to 1947. Those events ensured for the first time in one thousand years that the eastern frontier of Poland, and more importantly the Eurpoean Union, formed a very clear ethnic divide between the Slavic nations of Ukraine and Poland
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