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| 1 |
ID:
128127
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The 11 September attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke article 5 of the NATO charter for the first time in history. The article states that an attack on any member shall be considered to be attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour, a naval operation in the Mediterranean sea and is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping the general which began on 4 October 2001.
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| 2 |
ID:
123476
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| 3 |
ID:
133389
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In his classic collection of essays on maritime geography The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, Alfred Thayer Mahan opined that the importance of "portions of the earth's surface, and their consequent interest to mankind, differ from time to time."1 Just as the Mediterranean Sea once transfixed the minds of European strategists and policy makers, Mahan believed, at the turn of the twentieth century, the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea would obtain similar prominence in American strategic thinking. A century later, as we observe the relative balance of economic and military powers shifting to Asia and the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Mahan's teachings on geography are again instructive, as once seemingly insignificant bodies of water and island chains take on a new importance in regional security matters.
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| 4 |
ID:
127376
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| 5 |
ID:
120691
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| 6 |
ID:
133383
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
A case study is presented concerning the May 2010 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) boarding of a flotilla of ships attempting to breach a blockade in the Mediterranean Sea. It particularly focuses upon clashes between the IDF and the human rights activist passengers and crew of the largest ship in the flotilla, known as the "Mavi Marmara." The article discusses blockade law, the concepts of international armed conflict (IAC) and non-international armed conflict (NIAC), and whether Israel and the Islamic organization Hamas engaged in a NIAC.
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| 7 |
ID:
130757
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
All the components seem to be in place to make 'payloads over platforms' a reality for the Navy.
Funny thing about the future: It's dreamed about, planned for, anticipated, and then, suddenly it just shows up. Most of the time it does not occur the way it was imagined. So many factors are involved in day-to-day life for events to unfold as expected, but sometimes, perhaps with sufficient attention to the past to get a good sense of strong currents in the river of time, reasonable forecasts of near-term events can be made. Such is the case, at least partially, with the development of the Navy's shipbuilding plan and the evolution of its force structure. Whether called by name or not, influence squadrons have all but arrived.
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| 8 |
ID:
165288
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The article analyses the effect of Israel’s new maritime orientation on its foreign policy. It first demonstrates that in the last two decades Israel has changed its maritime posture in three important ways: it has developed energy dependence on offshore gas, begun extensive seawater desalination and dramatically expanded its navy’s platforms and missions. The paper then investigates the effects of these changes on Israel’s bilateral relations with its neighbours. Finally, the paper highlights the cumulative effect of these changes as well as some of their implications for Israel’s foreign policy.
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| 9 |
ID:
130531
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2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Throughout its history, Cyprus has proven to be something of a political enigma. It had been inhabited by Greeks since the second millennium BC. They sometimes called it Aphrodite's island, because according to Greek mythology, the goddess was born near the city of Paphos, having risen from the sea foam of the Mediterranean.
Due to its strategic location, the island was occupied by several major powers over the centuries: by the Romans, later by the Byzantines (becoming part of the Byzantine Empire), by Arabs, the Crusaders, the Venetians, and in 1570 by the Ottomans. In 1878 the Ottomans leased the island to the British, in 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus, and in 1925 Cyprus was declared a British crown colony. It remained under the British rule until 1960, when, after a difficult struggle, Cyprus attained its independence.
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| 10 |
ID:
082744
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| Publication |
2008.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In order to cope with current security challenges, such as regional conflicts, humanitarian disasters or terrorist threats, European states in the post-Cold War era make important use of naval forces within a complex multilateral framework. However, the issues relating to European navies have rarely been tackled in the literature on multilateral military cooperation. Therefore this article aims to fill the gap by studying the nature of the European post-Cold War multilateral naval framework, and taking it as a case study to illustrate the current issues facing multinational military cooperation. To do so, the article focuses on the wider Mediterranean region, since most of the security challenges identified by the Europeans are now localized in this area
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| 11 |
ID:
115786
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| 12 |
ID:
118251
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| 13 |
ID:
171083
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| Summary/Abstract |
In interstate and international interaction, norm breaking is a frequent occurrence and cause of conflict. This article discusses how to deal with such behavior when it occurs in maritime space. The particularities of distinct maritime spaces and their level of regulation provide distinct opportunities. States may then take a hybrid approach by taking into account international law in more regulated areas, but seeking alternatives in less regulated ones. To discourage norm breaking and to promote cooperative approaches toward shared challenges in maritime space, stronger ocean governance that considers hybridity seems important. The article discusses these aspects in the three cases of the Arctic, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean and derives first lessons for strengthened ocean governance.
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| 14 |
ID:
120899
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
With Israel and Cyprus recently confirming massive offshore gas reserves in the Levant Basin, the eastern Mediterranean Sea region is emerging as a significant new source of natural gas. The major economic and geopolitical implications explored in this essay include the accelerating regional competition to develop offshore energy resources; the related pursuit of major foreign investment for upstream energy development; consequences for regional gas export markets, notably the European Union; the influence of regional rivalries and conflicts on regional energy development; and the impact of the new energy resources on the regional balance of power.
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| 15 |
ID:
118147
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| 16 |
ID:
107592
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| Publication |
2011.
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Nearly two decades of peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians have failed miserably. The key reason for this failure is the Palestinians' refusal to recognize Israel as a Jewish state.
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| 17 |
ID:
139382
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This essay analyzes Sino-Italian relations against the background of the increasing salience of the West Asia and North Africa region in Rome’s and Beijing’s strategic calculus. As China projects westward through its New Silk Road strategy, culminating at the intersection of the Mediterranean Sea and Europe’s core, the spectrum of Italy’s foreign policy options opens to innovative forms of cooperation with China to meet the challenges emanating from the European Union’s southern and southeastern neighborhoods. An integrated study of the dynamics of Sino-Italian bilateral relations and of the mounting strategic exposure both countries have across West Asia and North Africa underscores the urgency of consolidating the societal foundations of the strategic partnership ten years after its launch.
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