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| 1 |
ID:
139162
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| Summary/Abstract |
President Jimmy Carter’s pursuit of a faith-based foreign policy caused his early frustrations with the Middle East peace process. He initially pursued a comprehensive, regional settlement. The administration worked toward reconvening a Geneva conference focused on ending the Arab–Israeli conflict. Carter was guided in these efforts by his religious beliefs, specifically his understanding of Christian social justice. As a result, Carter viewed the situation of the Palestinians as one of the most significant human rights challenges he faced in the region and began championing the cause of the people in the West Bank and Gaza as he attempted to secure them a place in Geneva. After the likelihood of a conference collapsed, Carter, in effect, began negotiating directly with the Israeli government on behalf of the Palestinians. Those efforts cost him much political support and caused the peace process to stagnate.
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| 2 |
ID:
125511
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
One of the most dramatic events in the twenty first century Asia, as it is turning out has been the rise of People's Republic of China (henceforth China). Equally dramatic has been the ongoing reform process and opening up of Myanmar to the outside world. Intriguingly enough, the China-Myanmar bilateral relationship has also been full of surprises, drawing the attention of policy makers and foreign policy pundits alike.
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| 3 |
ID:
087003
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper uses linear and non-linear Granger causality methods to determine the causal relationship between defense spending and economic growth in Turkey for the period 1949-2004. The innovative feature of this paper is that it provides evidence regarding the nonlinear causal dependence between military spending and economic growth in Turkey. The empirical results contribute to the empirical literature by indicating support for both linear and non-linear causality between military expenditures and economic development and they may prove useful in theoretical and empirical research by regulators and policy makers.
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| 4 |
ID:
113355
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In the context of knowledge-intensive globalisation and severe poverty, policy makers in the South face various educational planning dilemmas. These are ultimately political, implying that there are no ways of avoiding tensions and trade-offs when attempting to handle them. Such dilemmas have been subject to debate in the research community and have been framed differently in different historical contexts. The contemporary development policy discourse, however, largely conceals the existence of dilemmas by suggesting that we have reached a global consensus regarding the role of education in development. This article illustrates that this consensus is imaginary and consequently aims to reframe educational planning dilemmas in the contemporary policy context. It is shown that the dilemmas have changed character and now largely revolve around how to navigate and negotiate in highly complex political landscapes. Future research should focus on such ongoing wars of position and expose the many tensions concealed by the hegemonic policy discourse.
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| 5 |
ID:
086212
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Recent years have seen a surge in work on the impacts of active labor market programs for numerous countries. However, little evidence has been presented on the effectiveness of such programs in China. Recent economic reforms, associated with massive lay-offs, and the accompanying public retraining programs make China fertile ground for rigorous impact evaluations. This study uses survey data from the two large industrial cities Shenyang and Wuhan, covering the period 1998 to 2000, to evaluate retraining programs for over 2000 workers two years after they had been observed as displaced and unemployed. Using a comparison group design, this study is, to our knowledge, the first evaluation of its kind in China. The evidence suggests that retraining helped workers find jobs in Wuhan, but had little effect in Shenyang. The study raises questions about the overall effectiveness of retraining expenditures, and it offers some directions for policy-makers about future interventions to help laid-off workers.
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| 6 |
ID:
110878
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This essay provides a historical analysis of Iranian experiences with disability. I will begin by reviewing the literary application of the term in various contexts. Next, I will examine the social milieux in which local observers, medical professionals, and policy makers talked about and treated disability. As state-run institutions emerged to address disability needs, health professionals often drew a distinction between physical disability and intellectual or psychological disability, raising ethical and legal questions about the status of the disabled in modern Iranian society. Finally, an attempt will be made to situate disability politics in contemporary Iran, where the disabled population has increased significantly as a consequence of the Iran-Iraq War (1980-88). Although this paper concentrates on Iranian experiences with disability, comparisons can be drawn with other Islamic societies.
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| 7 |
ID:
099103
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper aims to explore government preferences and cleavages in the bargaining process on the European Constitution, across the range of 25 EU member states. The study focuses on preferences concerning socioeconomic policymaking and explores whether divisions can be discerned between preferences held by actors according to locations on the left-right policy scale, actors in older as compared to newer EU states, net EU budget positions, domestic rates of support for European integration, and smaller as compared to larger states. The analysis also controls for possible external effects, such as recent domestic macroeconomic developments. Negotiations on the European Constitution are found to be determined less by general transnational left-right divisions, but cleavages according to the length of EU membership and the size of EU member states.
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| 8 |
ID:
128143
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2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Dynamics of Indian Diaspora in East Africa has been continuous point of attraction for researchers, academicians, policy makers and even general audience. Even a cursory glance reveals that dozens of research has been carried out by scholars and numerous literatures are available on the subject. However, there have been significant changes in the focus of the research. In the colonial period, political activism of Indians in East Africa was a major point contention between colonial power and nationalist leaders which is clearly visible in the writings of CF Andrews (Indian question in East Africa, 1921).
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| 9 |
ID:
083774
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2008.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The original justification for the invasion of Iraq, the incompetence displayed in its aftermath, and the high costs of the occupation have undermined the possibility of bipartisan agreement on Iraq. The danger for both US policymakers and the long-suffering Iraqi people is that American politics will continue to shape Iraq policy well beyond the next US presidential election on 4 November 2008. While both candidates have presented starkly different plans for Iraq, those seeking to influence the political and military strategy of the next US president have been held hostage by domestic party concerns. The hazard for the next president is that his Iraq policy will owe much more to bitter and ideologically driven arguments in Washington than the actual situation in Baghdad. In order for the next president to avoid yet another Iraq debacle, both candidates' policies need to be held up against the Iraqi realities they wish to shape
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| 10 |
ID:
092170
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The 2004 reform of the family code in Morocco has been held as one of the most significant liberal reforms undertaken in the country, and has led scholars and policy makers to argue that this demonstrates the democratic progress Morocco and the King are making. At the same time, the role of the women's movement in getting the reform approved has seemingly confirmed that associational life is crucial in promoting democratisation. This paper, building on theoretical work questioning the linkage between a strong civil society and democratic outcomes, argues that civil society activism does not necessarily lead to democratisation, and may reinforce authoritarian practices. Far from demonstrating the centrality of civil society, the process through which the new family code was passed highlights the crucial institutional role of the monarch, whose individual decision-making power has driven the whole process. Authoritarianism finds itself strengthened in Morocco despite the liberal nature and outcome of the reform.
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| 11 |
ID:
157865
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| Summary/Abstract |
A growing number of academics are engaging in collaborative research projects with development organizations and policy makers. Increasingly, this includes efforts to co-produce research, rather than simply share information. These new ways of doing research raise important ethical and practical issues that are rarely discussed but deserve attention. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world in which these new approaches are particularly prevalent, and one where the challenges created by those approaches tend to manifest in distinct or acute ways. In this Research Note, we draw on a collaborative research project with the Westminster Foundation for Democracy to illuminate these difficulties. We also offer suggestions for how to manage the challenges that arise when academics conduct research with policy makers and development organizations. Ensuring that such collaborations are both effective and ethical is not easy, but it must be done if we are to develop better informed policy and scholarship.
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| 12 |
ID:
131053
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2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Few systematic studies of US uses of force treat the inherent attributes of presidents as the key causal factors; nonetheless, the fact that individual leaders matter is evident to the public, the media, and foreign policymakers in other countries. This study advances the development of First Image explanations of conflict by empirically investigating the relationship between presidential personality and the variation surrounding foreign policy decision making. The importance of this type of variance has been understudied in international relations, and the consistency of leaders' policy decisions has important strategic implications for interstate conflict. Relying on Big Five measures of US presidents' personality traits, we find that leaders who have a high tendency toward Excitement Seeking are more likely to use force to carry out their foreign policy objectives, while those who are more Open to Action exhibit a greater variance around their foreign policy decision making. In sum, the personality traits of individual leaders influence not only the choices they make, but the consistency of their choices, which has important consequences for US foreign policy.
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| 13 |
ID:
116878
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
China's explosive growth and growing international influence have prompted policy makers and scholars to question how that country will reshape the global development landscape. While Western observers have used the concept of the China Model to describe China's development strategies and the potential threat they pose to Western liberal traditions, Chinese policy makers have promoted South-South cooperation to emphasise China's goal of a harmonious world order based on nation-state sovereignty and mutual benefits. This article explores these two competing organising principles with a focus on how each concept frames global development politics and China's relations with its development partners. Drawing on ethnographic research on China's new relationship with Costa Rica, I examine the assumptions and effects of these concepts in terms of how they shape specific development encounters. These examples suggest the intransigence of historical development inequalities and identities, which both support and limit China's global impact in significant ways.
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| 14 |
ID:
114419
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Polemical assaults on air power offer potentially comforting, but ultimately misleading, advice to policy-makers. Alexander McKenzie argues that a more nuanced appreciation of its unique attributes as a lever of strategy indicates that far from being in terminal decline, air power remains a vital component of military force across the spectrum of conflict.
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| 15 |
ID:
116443
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Policy makers and policy-oriented scholars concerned with development and reform commonly appeal to "political will" as a cornerstone of development. We question the circular and voluntaristic view of leadership behavior inherent in such an approach, and argue that-to be more useful for the analysis of development outcomes, as well as for policy design-the discourse on political will should be firmly integrated into a more systematic framework of analysis. In particular, we suggest that it should engage in more active dialogue with the combined insights offered by principal-agent theory and what we refer to as state theory. More specifically, in the framework we develop, the principal-agent framework offers the analytical tools for analyzing leadership behavior at the micro level, while state theory provides crucial insights regarding the macro-level factors shaping leadership behavior. In the end, these two perspectives in tandem have the potential to significantly increase our understanding of empirically observed leadership behavior as well as our theoretical understanding of how the context-and especially the character of underlying social contracts-shapes and constrains "political will."
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| 16 |
ID:
137802
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As America ages, policy-makers' preoccupations with the future costs of Medicare and Social Security grow. But neglected by this focus are critically important and broader societal issues such as intergenerational relations within society and the family, rising inequality and lack of opportunity, productivity in late life (work or volunteering), and human capital development (lifelong education and skills training). Equally important, there is almost no acknowledgment of the substantial benefits and potential of an aging society. The MacArthur Foundation Research Network on an Aging Society offers policy options to address these issues and enhance the transition to a cohesive, productive, secure, and equitable aging society. Such a society will not only function effectively at the societal level but will provide a context that facilitates the capacity of individuals to age successfully. This volume comprises a set of papers, many of which are authored by members of the MacArthur Network, focusing on various aspects of the opportunities and challenges facing the United States while it passes through its current demographic transformation. This essay provides a general overview of the strategy the Network has used to address the various components of this broad subject.
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| 17 |
ID:
175087
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| Summary/Abstract |
The National Security Council was created to bring together decision makers and experts to discuss and implement the UK’s National Security Strategy. Its creation may have decreased the likelihood of some types of intelligence failures by policy makers, for example misunderstanding the nature and limitations of intelligence, but there is conflicting evidence regarding whether it has mitigated the risk of others, like groupthink bias. Moreover, the NSC is neither a statutory institution nor is its use by members of the executive obligatory or prescribed. Therefore, its effectiveness continues to be subject to the whim of the prime minister of the day.
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| 18 |
ID:
125419
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
How policymakers assess the long tern political intentions of their states advertises is a fundamental issues in international politics. The problem is particularly acute in situations when major powers for reasons of their own security decide to refrain from stating their ultimate intentions.
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