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PREMODERN (2) answer(s).
 
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ID:   121729


Distinguishing between China and Vietnam: three relational equilibriums in Sino-Vietnamese relations / Anderson, James A   Journal Article
Anderson, James A Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract Premodern Sino-Vietnamese relations may be described by three systems of engagement that I have labeled Strong China/Weak Vietnam, Weak China/Strong Vietnam, and Strong China/Strong Vietnam. These three states of interaction appear at various points, beginning with Vietnamese encounters with the Qin empire (221- 206 b.c.e.) through the early modern era. Brantly Womack has already described the historical Sino-Vietnamese relationship as politically "asymmetrical" with China playing the strongman role, and the three relational equilibriums described here do not contradict Womack's thesis. Instead, I explore how the generally asymmetrical states of affairs were molded by historical context and the specific ambitions of elite in the frontier region. While the general conditions of the Sino-Vietnamese relationship were asymmetrical, the choices available to Chinese and Vietnamese leaders in different periods varied widely.
Key Words China  ;  Vietnam - History  ;  Relations  ;  Equilibrium  ;  Premodern  ;  Tribute System 
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2
ID:   084251


Premodern Croatian Nationalism? / Drakulic, Slobodan   Journal Article
Drakulic, Slobodan Journal Article
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Publication 2008.
Summary/Abstract This paper examines three widespread views: that nationalism is a modern phenomenon with negligible premodern antecedents or none; that South Slav nationalisms have emerged in the late eighteenth to early nineteenth century; and that they arose in emulation of their West European forerunners. I argue that modern nationalism has appreciable antecedents suggestive of protonationalism or premodern nationalism; that such antecedents are found within and beyond Western Europe; and that premodern Croatian nationalism was not an offshoot of Western antecedents, but as autochthonous as any comparable social phenomena can be.
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