| Publication |
2008.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Asian criminals known as the 'Big Circle Boys' (BCB) are a growing concern to law enforcement agencies in Canada and the United States. However, no academic study has been undertaken to investigate them. This paper examines whether there is any basis for identifying the BCB as a criminal group. The background of the BCB is briefly discussed, and a case study from the 'first-generation' BCB is presented, using a criminal memoir and testimonial evidence. The 'Flaming Eagles' is shown to be an organisation comprising several BCB subgroups, unified by leader Johnny Kon. This criminal group had membership procedures and rules, and was primarily involved in the heroin trade. Within the organisation, there was no clear division of labour except for the specialised role of the courier. Three distinct levels of hierarchy were apparent during most of its existence, except for the period when a five-person committee was in place. Internecine wars accounted for some of the fatalities among members and associates, while the rest were mostly attributed to assassination orders resulting from business disputes or betrayal. Analytical definitions are also surveyed for the criminal organisation models of organised criminal group (OCG), mafia and criminal firm. The Flaming Eagles is found to best fit the criminal firm model, since it lacked the territoriality characteristic of an OCG and did not provide protection as mafias do.
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