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| 1 |
ID:
149934
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| Summary/Abstract |
In European countries, retailers are obliged to disclose the energy source and the related environmental impacts of their portfolio over the preceding year. The electricity supplied in the Dutch retail market is presented as renewable energy for 34%, but this relatively high share is for 69% based on certificates (Guarantees of Origin) which are imported from in particular Norway. The certificates are used to sell green electricity to consumers. The premium for green electricity which is actually paid by Dutch consumers is no more than a few percentages of the retail price. The low level of this premium is related to the abundant supply of certificates at low marginal costs from Norway. This also means that the premium for green electricity is too low to give an incentive for investments in new capacity. Hence, the current labelling system for renewable electricity is mainly valuable, besides being an instrument for tracking and tracing of renewable energy, as a marketing instrument for electricity retailers. The effectiveness of Guarantees of Origin as a policy instrument to foster renewable electricity sources is weak. This effectiveness can be raised by implementing restrictions on the international trade or the issuance of new certificates.
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| 2 |
ID:
109379
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Methods to calculate the theoretical energy consumption consider several things: the number of degree days per year that need to be compensated by heating, the characteristics of the dwelling, the number of occupants and the characteristics of the installation for space heating and sanitary hot water. However, these methods do not take into account consumer behaviour, which may affect the actual consumption.
The theoretical calculation methods are based on assumptions and use a number of standardized parameters.
The difference between the actual and the theoretical energy consumption, and the impact of the residents' behaviour on energy consumption, is analysed by means of a literature study and a practical research. An energy advice procedure (EAP) audit is executed in five dwellings, as well as a survey regarding the energy related behaviour of the households. The theoretically calculated consumption is compared with the billed actual energy consumption of the families. The results show some problems with the current procedure and give some options to improve it. Some research needs are identified to gain more insights in the influence of different behavioural factors on the actual energy use for heating.
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| 3 |
ID:
189455
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| Summary/Abstract |
The legacy of the 1999 Columbine School shooting has resulted in increased political elements in subsequent shootings and the line between these school shooters and terrorists has blurred. Current research comparing terrorists and school shooters has largely focused on the similarities between the perpetrators using largely qualitative methods. With the behavioural and subsequent economic impacts of terrorism having been previously identified, this paper investigates if these behavioural changes and impacts are present following school shootings. Through the use of a logit regression of historical school shooting data, we find evidence that support our theories that school shootings cause fear and change consumer behaviours.
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| 4 |
ID:
085708
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper analyses expenditure and price elasticities of demand for rice consumption in Thai households. The elasticities were measured from cross-sectional data of a socio-economic survey conducted in 2002. The average rice consumption in Thai households was 101 kg/person/year. The overall expenditure elasticity of demand was positive but very inelastic. Households in urban centres had lower expenditure elasticity than those in the villages. Households in the highest 25 per cent of the income rank had a negative response to the expenditure variable for quantity rice demand but those households had a positive response for quality rice demand. Price elasticity was negative and inelastic. Households in urban areas are more sensitive to the rice price increase than those in the suburbs and villages. The results reflect the quality concern over rice consumption in Thai household consumption driven by the country's rapid economic growth and urbanization. A strategic policy for rice in Thailand should more focus on development of high-quality rice.
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