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| 1 |
ID:
101464
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper constructs a comprehensive dataset of oil and total energy embedded in world trade of manufacturing goods for 73 countries from 1978 to 2000. Applying the data to debates on the dependency on foreign energy sources makes clear that achieving complete energy independence in the foreseeable future is unlikely to be feasible and may not be desirable. Applying it to the discussion of environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) highlights an important distinction between production and consumption of energy. Richer countries use relatively less energy in their industrial production yet still consume relatively large amounts of energy indirectly. A further investigation largely excludes structural shifts of production in and out of the manufacturing sector as an explanation for the downward-sloping portion of the EKC. Country-level analyses add caveats but show tentative support for the cross-country conclusions.
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| 2 |
ID:
085766
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| Summary/Abstract |
After the "Orange Revolution" of 2005 Ukraine, under the leadership of President Viktor Yushchenko, has become a strategic but fragile ally of the USA and NATO in their rivalry with Russia for influence in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. To reduce Europe's and its own energy dependency on Russian oil and gas, Ukraine has tried, with uncertain results, to build economic partnerships with energy-producing Eurasian states and even with Iran, in the hope of bypassing Russian pipeline routes. However, as TODOR KONDAKOV points out, this policy has not always been economically viable and has met with strong opposition from Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and within the Ukraine itself.
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| 3 |
ID:
086731
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
European concern regarding the security of its energy supply was first prompted by the Arab Oil embargo of the early 1970s. As a response to the embargo, the International Energy Agency was created in 1974, which has bocome Europe's primary instrument for monitoring and analyzing world energy markets. In 1991, the European Union launched the Energy Charter Declaration, an initiative intended to promote energy cooperation and diversify Europe's enrgy supply.
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| 4 |
ID:
092815
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy dependency (ED) implies the extent to which an economy relies upon imports in order to meet its energy needs. The ED is calculated as net imports divided by the sum of gross inland energy consumption plus bunkers. This study aims at obtaining numerical equations to estimate of Turkey's energy dependency based on basic energy indicators and sectoral energy consumption by using artificial neural network (ANN) technique. It seeks to contribute to the strategies necessary to preserve the supply-demand balance of Turkey. For this purpose, two different models were used to train the ANN approach. In Model 1, main energy indicators such as total production of primary energy per capita, total gross electricity generation per capita and final energy consumption per capita were used in the input layer of the ANN while sectoral energy consumption per capita was used in Model 2.
The ED was in the output layer for both models. Different models were employed to estimate the ED with a high confidence for future projections. The R2 values of ED were found to be 0.999 for both models. In accordance with the analysis results, ED is expected to increase from 72% to 82% within 14 years of period. Consequently, the utilization of renewable energy sources and nuclear energy is strictly recommended to ensure the ED stability in Turkey.
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| 5 |
ID:
090193
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
President Barack Obama has often stated that one of his highest priorities is to vanquish the "tyranny of oil" by developing alternative sources of energy and substantially reducing America's reliance on imported petroleum. But we will not be energy independent for the next thirty to forty years, even with a strong push to increase energy efficiency and spur the development of petroleum alternatives. During this time, America will remain dependent on oil derived from authoritarian regimes, weak states and nations in the midst of civil war.
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