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| 1 |
ID:
161190
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article examines two sites of British investment in nineteenth-century Iraq, exploring the different interests and ideologies – both British and Ottoman – underlying each one, and using the funding controversies which plagued both projects as windows on the political and economic relationships which crystallized through these ventures and informed post-war governance. Ottoman Iraq provides an important perspective on global British economic interests: although it encompassed zones of Britain's informal empire, the Ottoman state intensified its own imperial ambitions towards the end of the nineteenth century. This created tensions within Ottoman policies towards the British, which were complicated by the friction between British state and commercial interests. By 1914, the controversies which plagued both projects seemed close to a breaking point. The outbreak of the First World War, however, entrenched existing patterns of financial and infrastructural involvement as part of the occupation, and encouraged the creation of a development paradigm in the Mandate.
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| 2 |
ID:
086266
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The introduction of the steamships on a large scale in the late 19th century saw African and Asian sailors becoming a central component of the workforce of the British merchant marine. This development was met with considerable resistance from British seamen who saw these workers as a cheap labour force that would undermine their established position. This article interprets the steam empire as a set of overlapping webs, comprising the shipping companies, British diasporic labour and Indian Ocean seafarers. It traces how a racialized politics was generated within these webs, and the major conflicts to which this gave rise.
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