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| 1 |
ID:
191254
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| Summary/Abstract |
The European Commission recently proposed requirements for the production of renewable fuels as these are required to decarbonize the hard-to-electrify parts of the industrial and heavy transport sectors. Power-to-X (P2X) energy hubs enable efficient synergies between energy infrastructures, production facilities, and storage options. In this study, we explore the optimal operation of an energy hub by leveraging the flexibility of P2X, including hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia synthesizers by analyzing potential revenue streams such as the day-ahead and ancillary services markets. We propose EnerHub2X, a mixed-integer linear program that maximizes the hub’s profit based on current market prices, considering the technical constraints of P2X, such as unit commitment and non-linear efficiencies. We investigate a representative Danish energy hub and find that without price incentives, it mainly sells renewable electricity and produces compressed hydrogen. A sufficient amount of renewable ammonia and methanol is only produced by adding a price premium of about 50% (0.16 €/kg) to the conventional fuel prices. To utilize production efficiently, on-site renewable energy sources and P2X must be carefully aligned. We show that renewable power purchase agreements can provide flexibility while complying with the rules set by the European Commission.
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| 2 |
ID:
087010
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper looks at Turkey's aspirations to be an energy hub for oil and natural gas exports from the Caspian Sea region and beyond. After exploring the intense politics surrounding the demarcation and siting of export pipelines from the Caspian Sea, the author goes on to discuss the complex geopolitics of the region. The article analyzes the impact of the summer 2008 Georgian-Russian war on Turkey's hopes and will illustrate the contradictions in Ankara's energy policies. The author argues that Turkey must balance its aspirations to be central to regional export schemes and its increasing energy dependence on Russia.
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| 3 |
ID:
108044
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Officials in Ankara are pressing for Turkey to become a key energy hub for the transportation of hydrocarbons from the Caspian region and the Middle East to Europe. It appears that they are seeking to secure certain strategic and economic advantages. Turkey's increasing energy needs could be satisfied, re-export rights obtained, and ambitions to become a significant regional state fulfilled which could facilitate accession to the EU. It seems more likely, though, that Turkey will become an important energy transit state, especially for the Southern Gas Corridor. Here, Turkey could still diversify its gas imports and reduce dependence on Russia.
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