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| 1 |
ID:
086099
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| 2 |
ID:
086100
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| 3 |
ID:
086101
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| 4 |
ID:
086097
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| 5 |
ID:
086092
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Five months after the signing of a power-sharing agreement in Zimbabwe, a combination of international pressure and economic deterioration has facilitated its implementation. With the ruling Zimbabwe African Nation Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) agreeing to enter a coalition government with the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), a political compromise appears to have been reached, albeit a fragile one.
However, optimism over Zimbabwe's future stability needs to be tempered by a sober assessment of the agreement and the various actors in the deal. While both ZANU-PF and the MDC appear committed to the agreement in the short term, factionalism with ZANU-PF and the MDC, along with military discontent with the deal, could undermine its full implementation.
Image: President Robert Mugabe, centre, watched by Arthur Mutambara, left, shakes hands with Morgan Tsvangirai, the new prime minister of Zimbabwe, at the signing of the power-sharing deal ceremony in Harare on 15 September 2008.
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| 6 |
ID:
086095
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| 7 |
ID:
086094
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| 8 |
ID:
086098
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
On 16 September 2008, a cybercriminal using the nickname Master Splyntr announced he was closing a forum on the website www.darkmarket.ws, saying: "Recent events have proven that despite our best efforts to expel and deactivate the accounts of suspected law enforcement, reporters and security agents, it is obvious that we have not been entirely successful."
The demise of this forum, which had been primarily dedicated to facilitating the communication and trade between data thieves, forgers and fraudsters worldwide, sent shockwaves through the underground economy.
A month later, online criminal networks were further disrupted by a revelation regarding the Darkmarket operation. In late 2008, a German radio station leaked German police documents showing that Darkmarket had been a sting operation, run since 2006 by investigators from the National Cyber Forensics and Training Alliance (NCFTA), an agency funded by the FBI and based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There had been rumours that this was the case after one criminal noticed some suspicious login activity from Master Splynter, which apparently allowed the FBI to log and analyse every login and discussion on the forum, but the warnings were dismissed.
While the long-term impact of this operation remains to be seen, the infiltration and subsequent use of Darkmarket demonstrates the continuing evolution of law enforcement agencies' efforts to disrupt and at times pre-empt trends within global cybercrime. Historically, the advantage has been with the criminals, as law enforcement bodies have generally reacted to trends in the development of criminal expertise rather than playing a pre-emptive role.
This is in part the result of constant criminal innovation, with new online scams and schemes emerging each year, and also constraints on law enforcement agencies. These constraints include inadequate resources, jurisdiction, training, procedures and legislation as they pertain to online crime. On the rare occasions when suspects are traced and found to be in a country where action will be taken, judicial penalties rarely fit the crime's global impact. Rather than serving as a deterrent, such cases fuel the perception that online crime has a favourable risk-to-reward ratio.
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| 9 |
ID:
086093
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| 10 |
ID:
086096
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