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| 1 |
ID:
090084
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
A growing, but little understood area of Government involvement in promoting renewable energy, is the use of demonstration projects and field trials (DTs) as a policy tool. This paper explores the historical role of DTs in the commercialisation of wind turbines. We review information from government, academic and industry sources, together with the newly created Cass Wind DT database, and consider the context, objectives, participants and nature of wind DTs in the EU, US and Japan.
Overall, it is difficult to identify the benefits of wind DTs for many of the key actors. Government funding of DTs does not appear to be shaped by coherent or targeted strategic objectives-indeed governments use DTs differently despite similar stated objectives. A common theme has been the involvement of many stakeholders, with local authorities, utilities and operators taking the lead rather than manufacturers. Wind DTs appear to have neither enabled participating manufacturers to become significant global suppliers-with a few exceptions driven by additional financial and legislative support from national governments-nor to have established a dominant design. The major benefit of wind DTs appears to have been 'learning by using' for utilities and wind farm operators, reducing operational costs.
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| 2 |
ID:
088253
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The paper considers the role of government funded demonstration projects and field trials (DTs) in accelerating the commercialisation of new energy technologies that meet a public good but do not have immediate market appeal [Sagar, A.D., van der Zwaan, B., 2006. Technological innovation in the energy sector: R&D, deployment, and learning-by-doing. Energy Policy 34, 2601-2608]. Drawing on an original database of DTs in the EU, Japan and USA from 1973 to 2004, we review the history of DTs in photovoltaic technology for electricity generation, and its subsequent take up as a commercial energy source.
We find that DTs that are aimed purely at discovering suitable market opportunities are less successful in achieving diffusion than projects that target a particular application and concentrate resources on it. The former nevertheless have a vital role to play in the learning process, while a targeted focus is often dependent on national industrial and institutional factors.
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| 3 |
ID:
097431
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Demonstration projects and trials (DTs) are an extension of the prototyping process into next phases of development and are widely used in reducing uncertainty for new technologies. During the last few decades, DTs have been extensively used to help overcome innovation uncertainties in renewable energy for electricity supply systems in the US, EU and Japan. However, there is still relatively little attention to this "uncertain middle" phase in accelerating complex, large-system innovation, particularly as to what companies actually value, as distinct from what advocates suggest they should gain and what policy makers believe publicly funded DTs should achieve. Following development of a comprehensive database of DTs, fifteen company cases have been developed on solar PV with nine on wind turbines to establish what benefits they deliver. These provide comprehensive lessons for the design, management and coordination of future DT programmes in low carbon energy technology.
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