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| 1 |
ID:
099266
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been promoted as a potential technology that can reduce vehicles' fuel consumption, decreasing transportation-related emissions and dependence on imported oil. The net emission and cost impacts of PHEV use are intimately connected with the electricity generator mix used for PHEV charging, which will in turn depend on when during the day PHEVs are recharged. This paper analyzes the effects of a PHEV fleet in the state of Ohio. The analysis considers two different charging scenarios-a controlled and an uncontrolled scenario-which offer the grid operator different levels of control over the timing of PHEV charging. The analysis shows that PHEV use could result in major reductions in gasoline consumption of close to 70% per vehicle compared to a conventional vehicle (CV) under both charging scenarios. Moreover, despite the high penetrations of coal in the Ohio power system, net CO2 emissions from a PHEV could be up to 24% lower than that of a CV in the uncontrolled case, however, CO2 and NOx emissions would increase in both scenarios.
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| 2 |
ID:
096619
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Integrating wind generation into power systems and wholesale electricity markets presents unique challenges due to the characteristics of wind power, including its limited dispatchability, variability in generation, difficulty in forecasting resource availability, and the geographic location of wind resources. Texas has had to deal with many of these issues beginning in 2002 when it restructured its electricity industry and introduced aggressive renewable portfolio standards that helped spur major investments in wind generation. In this paper we discuss the issues that have arisen in designing market protocols that take account of these special characteristics of wind generation and survey the regulatory and market rules that have been developed in Texas. We discuss the perverse incentives some of the rules gave wind generators to overschedule generation in order to receive balancing energy payments, and steps that have been taken to mitigate those incentive effects. Finally, we discuss more recent steps taken by the market operator and regulators to ensure transmission capacity is available for new wind generators that are expected to come online in the future.
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| 3 |
ID:
097461
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Integrating wind generation into power systems and wholesale electricity markets presents unique challenges due to the characteristics of wind power, including its limited dispatchability, variability in generation, difficulty in forecasting resource availability, and the geographic location of wind resources. Texas has had to deal with many of these issues beginning in 2002 when it restructured its electricity industry and introduced aggressive renewable portfolio standards that helped spur major investments in wind generation. In this paper we discuss the issues that have arisen in designing market protocols that take account of these special characteristics of wind generation and survey the regulatory and market rules that have been developed in Texas. We discuss the perverse incentives some of the rules gave wind generators to overschedule generation in order to receive balancing energy payments, and steps that have been taken to mitigate those incentive effects. Finally, we discuss more recent steps taken by the market operator and regulators to ensure transmission capacity is available for new wind generators that are expected to come online in the future.
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| 4 |
ID:
179684
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| Summary/Abstract |
We investigate the incentive, market-behavior, and welfare effects of a proposed profit guarantee and associated power purchase agreement (PPA), which was introduced to ensure that generating firms remain viable through periods of higher-than-normal costs. The PPA ensures a guaranteed profit level either by transferring excess revenues from the affected firms to consumers or levying a surcharge on consumers to fund a subsidy for the affected firms. We develop and analyze a stylized Nash-Cournot model of a wholesale electricity market to examine the incentive effects of the proposed PPA. We find that the proposed PPA has incentive impacts that are contrary to its stated aim. The PPA incentivizes uneconomic firms to remain in the market when otherwise they would exit and incentivizes the shutdown of otherwise economically viable firms to restrict output, increasing prices. We find that the effects are pronounced by the corporate-separation asset-ownership structure that is employed in many jurisdictions. The theoretical results of the Nash-Cournot analysis are illustrated with a numerical case study which shows the deleterious consumer- and social-welfare effects of this incentive scheme. We discuss practical implications for regulatory policy, namely, that the proposed mechanism is ill-conceived, inefficient, and creates perverse incentives.
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| 5 |
ID:
109645
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2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that are driven and charged in 'dirty' power systems, with high penetrations of coal and other polluting generation fuels, may yield higher net emissions than conventional vehicles (CVs). We examine the implications of imposing a constraint on PHEV recharging that forces emissions from PHEVs to be no greater than those from a comparable CV. We use the Texas power system, which has a mix of coal- and natural gas-fired generation and has been shown to yield higher emissions from PHEVs than CVs, as a case study. Our results show that imposing the emissions constraint results in most of the PHEV charging loads being shifted from coal- to cleaner natural gas-fired generators. There is, however, virtually no increase in generation or PHEV driving costs due to efficiency benefits that are possible through coordination of unit commitment and PHEV charging decisions.
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| 6 |
ID:
171481
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Distributed energy resources, including photovoltaic solar and energy storage, are seeing increased deployment. The optimal configuration and operation of these resources depend on several external factors, including energy pricing, incentive programs, and the provision of capacity payments. We model, as a mixed-integer optimization problem, the design and operation of a hybrid energy system that consists of photovoltaic solar arrays that are coupled with energy storage using a shared inverter. We apply our optimization model to a case study that considers two locations in California and a variety of pricing and subsidy regimes. We demonstrate that a well designed time-variant retail tariff provides reasonable incentives for building and operating a hybrid energy system. On the other hand, investment tax credits and the provision of capacity payments can be considerably more distortionary. In particular, constraints that govern the investment tax credit in the United States can hamper significantly the deployment of the hybrid energy systems that we examine.
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| 7 |
ID:
150710
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper examines the question of how to incentivize the adoption and use of renewable energy resources, with particular attention on distributed renewable energy (DRE). Prior experience suggests that price and quantity-based programs, such as feed-in tariffs, provide more efficient renewable adoption and use and lower program costs than programs that set quantity targets only. We also examine some cost-allocation issues raised by the use of DRE systems and fixed time-invariant retail pricing. This combination can result in customers with DRE systems paying a disproportionately small portion of system capacity costs. We suggest two retail-pricing schemes, real-time pricing and a two-part tariff with demand charges, to address these issues.
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| 8 |
ID:
088987
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In this work, we examine the potential advantages of co-locating wind and energy storage to increase transmission utilization and decrease transmission costs. Co-location of wind and storage decreases transmission requirements, but also decreases the economic value of energy storage compared to locating energy storage at the load. This represents a tradeoff which we examine to estimate the transmission costs required to justify moving storage from load-sited to wind-sited in three different locations in the United States. We examined compressed air energy storage (CAES) in three "wind by wire" scenarios with a variety of transmission and CAES sizes relative to a given amount of wind. In the sites and years evaluated, the optimal amount of transmission ranges from 60% to 100% of the wind farm rating, with the optimal amount of CAES equal to 0-35% of the wind farm rating, depending heavily on wind resource, value of electricity in the local market, and the cost of natural gas.
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