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| 1 |
ID:
092216
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Although the islands of the Northern Marianas are famous for the ferocity of the battles of June and July 1944 and their subsequent role as crucial military airbases for the defeat of Japan, they are less well known as the site of the first US occupation of a Japanese territory. During the battles and in their wake, the civilian population of Saipan was herded into internment camps, where they were kept until early 1946. This article considers Japanese civilian experiences of life in Saipan under Occupation, the tensions between the administration of the camp and the internees, and the way in which the experience reflected and reshaped the understanding of the enemy, both in Japanese and in American eyes.
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| 2 |
ID:
173848
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From March 1972 until internment itself was eventually abandoned in December 1975 successive Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland used their powers to arrest and release republican internees. This article demonstrates that several factors contributed to the policy of controlling the arrests and releases of internees, and that the most important was not negotiations with the Provisional IRA (PIRA) but the need to encourage the engagement of moderate nationalists in an emerging political process. The story of internment is often exclusively seen in the narrower narratives of paramilitary historiography and the later ‘prison war’. This article adopts a broader contextual approach in which both moderate nationalist, and to a lesser extent, unionist concerns over arrests and releases are considered. In doing so, this work resituates the gradual ending of internment at the heart of the mainstream political discussions in Northern Ireland in the 1970s. The article also contends that this controlled use of internment as a political strategy ultimately proved to be successful for the British government in achieving their desired objectives.
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| 3 |
ID:
089206
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article explores the representation of victimhood in political discourse and the relation between victimhood, identity, and political agency. The empirical material is drawn from the early days of the Northern Ireland conflict and covers the debate on internment that was in operation from August 1971 until December 1975. Both those supporting and those opposing internment drew on images of victimhood-images that were vital in the construction of legitimacy and political agency. First, the rendering of detailed stories of individual suffering and victimhood produced compassion and empathy-features legitimising the different approaches. Second, the construction of victimhood involved mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion, creating "we-them" dichotomies, producing "collectives of victimhood," which in many cases worked as a platform from which political agency could be voiced. And third, the construction of victimhood produced political truths. The victim was given a particular status embodying a particular moral integrity to determine the truths about "what had really happened," a status that made the victim a vital agent in the political battle for "the hearts and minds." The article stresses the importance of studying the representation of victimhood within particular historical contexts and demonstrates the complex and ambiguous effects of the representations of victimhood in violent political conflicts. The examination shows that victimhood has both humanising and dehumanising effects and, depending on the contextual framework, victimhood can create confidence, empowerment, and agency, but also disempowerment and passivity.
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