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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
089493
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Single-source, or non-competitive, defence procurement is a widespread phenomenon that is prevalent both in developing countries and in advanced arms exporting countries. The usual competitive bidding process - which assists in both value-for-money evaluation and in lowering corruption risk - is used much less often than expected in defence procurement. Whilst there can be good reasons for single sourcing, the opportunities and inducements for corruption are significantly escalated. Further, some countries that claim to employ single-source only in rare instances are found to have high percentages of non-competitive defence procurement. This is of particular concern as defence is perceived to be one of the more corruption-prone international business sectors, as identified in the 2002 Bribe Payers Index (Transparency International, 2002), with procurement presenting a significant source of corruption risk. The work presented here gives data on the percentage of defence single source procurement in a number of countries. Some countries were transparent and open about this data, even where it showed them in an unfavourable light. Most were not, citing sensitivity reasons or even that the data did not exist as reasons for refusal.
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| 2 |
ID:
168666
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| Summary/Abstract |
The world is facing serious energy situation. The sense of urgency to guarantee energy security is constantly increasing for many countries. Exploiting foreign energy markets through international investment has become a significant strategy to resolve energy risks and optimize the distribution of energy sources. Central Asia, with the important geographical position and various abundant energy resources, has attracted the interest of the international community and become a popular destination of foreign investments. However, the corruption risk, inter alia, is a big concern for foreign investors, especially in the energy sector. The proportion of corruption in international investment arbitration cases with the five Central Asian countries as the Respondent is high up to 75% in the energy field. Choosing Central Asia as the investment destination in situations like these is a decision made after weighing both the opportunities and risks, with the purpose to establish resource-seeking investment. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to provide policy implications for government regulators, policy makers, and foreign investors. It is suggested to modify bilateral investment treaties, establish legal framework of Central Asian countries, adopt investment facilitation measures, strengthen self-discipline and self-protection of investors and strengthen investment guarantee system.
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