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| 1 |
ID:
191079
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| Summary/Abstract |
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Russian Empire had significant economic potential. The dynamics of industrial growth influenced both territorial expansion and increased population, and the improvement of the transport system, which also contributed to the formation and development of industry. This process found its expression in the development of textile cloth production, which stimulated the growth of demand for wool and led to the development of commercial sheep-keeping. Sheep-keeping, which played a minor role on both peasant and private farms, became one of the most important economic interests of the empire. The tsarist government’s special interest in using the Kazakh steppes as a source of cheap raw materials for industry led Kazakh animal husbandry to gradually adapt to market requirements. Such changes ignored the fundamental role of traditional sheep-keeping in Kazakh culture and economic life. The loss of habitat and reduction of migration routes for Kazakhs, together with an increase in demand for livestock and livestock products, threatened the degradation of Kazakh sheep-keeping and the loss of a key element of culture.
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| 2 |
ID:
093606
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| 3 |
ID:
180357
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This article analyzes the production and presentation of artworks of three countries of the Gulf Region –– Qatar, the UAE and Saudi Arabia –– to evaluate its place and potential in the globalized artworld. The Gulf region is a small but significant part of the global artworld with high potential for further development. Art globalization in the Gulf began to develop only in the 2000s –– from about 2006 in the UAE, followed by a second wave in Qatar five years later. A third wave is rising with the increasingly international exposure of Saudi Art. The article examines which factors are essential for participation in a globalized art world and whether the region enjoys international recognition on the global stage. A composite artworld ecosystem model comprising institutions, artists and their artworks, commercial entities and government was conceived on a philosophical and sociological basis within a historical and geopolitical framework. The roles of the museum, biennials, art galleries and art fairs, are converging in many respects. All the nodes of the artworld ecosystem are required for globalization, with participation in the biennial model being the most important factor, being more flexible than the museal institutions in funding and programming. To reach a wider audience, the art fair model could be more relevant than the more esoteric biennial format. The Gulf region’s patrons possess strong motivations for supporting the arts of the region internationally. In addition, the desire to enter the global cultural world through the promotion of art museums as a tourist destination is a strong motivator for governments.
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| 4 |
ID:
113795
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article looks into the environmental challenges that Maldives, an island country in the South Asian region, is facing. It studies all possible sources of environmental challenges with inherent vulnerabilities of the country in terms of its geographic and environmental conditions, and analyses important contributing factors such as global warming, sea level rise, tourism and environmental degradation and, more importantly, the 2004 tsunami. The article particularly examines the effects of global warming on Maldives on the basis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) report on climate change. The impact of the tsunami and its repercussions on the Maldives's ecological fragility are also discussed. Towards the conclusion, this article focuses on the need of the Maldivian government to formulate appropriate policies and also, at the same time, the difficulties in realising those policies.
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| 5 |
ID:
112474
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2012.
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There has been intense international debate on the governance of forests, in particular tropical forests. This has been driven by contrasting pressures from conservation and human rights groups, respectively calling for global values to prevail so as to protect biodiversity and reduce climate change, or for freedom of choice that empowers local people with the right to manage their own forests. Both sides have condemned irresponsible behaviour by forest officials and political actors, and highlighted the harmful impacts of disregard for the law. However, these normative approaches to forest governance have coincided with a fundamental re-examination of the objectives that societies have for their forest resources. The debate is not only about legality, but also about the legitimacy of forest laws and institutions. This review explores the divergence of views on long-term goals for forests and the implications for their governance. It emphasises that the real challenge is to reconcile the management of forests for values that accrue at different spatial and temporal scales. Forest governance needs to adapt, moving away from a framework based upon the neatly defined boundaries beloved of international organisations and treaties, and submitting to a constant process of adaptation and improvisation at a more local scale. The challenge is to find ways to aggregate such approaches into something that recognisably addresses the global values of forests and forest landscapes. Commonwealth countries have a wide range of forest conditions and are innovating with a range of governance options that provide lessons of potentially wide application.
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| 6 |
ID:
129059
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2014.
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The 'ecosystem' of Chinese enterprises is greatly affected by the external environment. This article proposes a behaviour-based internal control framework, defined as '3 + 1', which includes controls at the decision-making, management and operational, as well as behavioural levels. Considering the characteristic Chinese social institution, economic development pattern, policies and regulation, as well as individual values and other external factors, the purpose of this article is to provide new insight and methods to solve fundamental internal control issues by constructing an appropriate institution that can balance internal and external factors to solve both the short- and long-term problems of the control of Chinese Enterprises.
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| 7 |
ID:
179205
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Technology has become one of the most important spheres in the race for power in the 21st century. The two main technology ecosystems—the American and the Chinese—have clearly taken shape by the beginning of the third decade of this century. A dilemma for Russia in this regard is whether to join one of the existing ecosystems or develop one of its own. The paper critically examines the impact of contemporary trends in the digital domain on international relations and state policies, weighs up Russia’s competitive advantages and the challenges in this domain, and charts a strategy that Moscow should follow in the modern world of digital competition.
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| 8 |
ID:
090177
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Thirty years ago the Mekong River, South-east Asia's longest, flowed freely for 4,900 km from its source in Tibet to the Coast of Vietnam.The Mekong is the world's 12th longest river and eighth or 10th largest in terms of volume of water discharged, depending on the season, and it passes through or alongside china, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, cambodia and Vietnam.
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| 9 |
ID:
128023
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2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Niagara Falls and the Niagara River have always attracted great public interest due to their natural beauty, their enormous potential for electricity generation, their recreational value and as an important ecosystem. There have been simultaneous efforts to preserve this unique natural wonder and harness its power through hydroelectric development projects by both the United States and Canada. This paper explores the evolution of these efforts that culminated with the signing of the 1950 Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty that established minimum water flow rates to protect the "scenic beauty" of the falls, allowing the remaining water to be diverted for power production. We examine the rationale that led to specific water flow restrictions and question to what extent they are relevant today, as water intake capacity on the Canadian side has just been extended by around 25%. We find that current restrictions under the Niagara River Water Treaty (that expired in 2000) are not based on sound scientific evidence and estimate the upper limit of potential foregone benefits from clean electricity generation and greenhouse gas reductions. We identify a number of important issues that emerged in the last decades and that would justify an exploration of new treaty rules.
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