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ID:
152388
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| Summary/Abstract |
Shuttle-Mir, the joint space exploration effort between NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), faced a wide variety of challenges throughout its five-year run between 1993 and 1998. These included institutional differences, high costs to both the American and Russian governments, and poor public reception. The focus herein is on the personal reflections and experiences of American men and women who participated directly in the program: the seven Shuttle-Mir astronauts from the United States. These men and women joined an unprecedented exchange in which they had to train for and serve aboard a foreign space station for extended periods of time. This article utilizes archival records, official oral histories, and personal memoirs to outline three specific challenges faced in common by all of the U.S. astronauts. Primarily, they had to master both the everyday and technical intricacies of the Russian language, live in Russia during the post-Soviet economic collapse, and adapt to new institutional procedures and training methods under Roscosmos. Combined, these experiences presented serious difficulties in working with their Russian counterparts aboard the space station Mir, and made crisis situations even more hazardous. Overall, these experiences introduced yet another cost to the Shuttle-Mir program—a human one.
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| 2 |
ID:
090334
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| 3 |
ID:
128610
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| 4 |
ID:
158531
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| Summary/Abstract |
At least six agencies in the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) now feature memorials for their honored dead. The National Security Agency (NSA) has the National Cryptographic Memorial Wall, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) maintains a Hall of Honor on its public Website, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) has its Patriots Memorial, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) its Wall of Honor, and the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) has both a wall and a garden. But the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) Memorial Wall is the best known. Often featured in popular history, it has been the subject of news broadcasts and a dramatic setting in such public entertainment as motion pictures
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