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| 1 |
ID:
128533
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
An introduction is presented to a section of articles on the topic of India's social policies in which the author discusses the country's welfare legislation and their Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettiement Bill (LARRB).
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| 2 |
ID:
098489
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| 3 |
ID:
163378
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In this article, land acquisition (LA) in India and China since the 1980s has been theorised as an ‘ideal’ model, namely, compulsory development, which highlights the extremely active role of the state and the compulsory measures it takes for LA in both countries in order to achieve its development goals. In both countries, the state acts as the land use planner, regulation maker in the land administration, as well as a major land developer and most influential player in the land market. At the same time, it extracts a high proportion of the benefits from land development projects, which is realised through compulsory LA despite the numerous flaws in the LA institutions. Compulsory development, as we term it, is a key feature in the political economy of LA in both countries. It provides an ideal model to understand and compare the phenomenon of LA in these two largest developing societies and to develop a systematic analysis of LA, and more broadly, of development in both countries. As the initial product in a larger research project, in this article we focus mainly on the theoretical model of this compulsory development, including its definition, characteristics and variations.
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| 4 |
ID:
180259
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Despite the proliferation of literature on large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA) in Africa, few empirical studies exist on how patronage networks combine with socio-cultural stratification to determine the livelihood outcomes for African agrarian-based communities. This article draws from ethnographic research on Cameroon to contribute to bridging this gap. We argue that lineage and patronage considerations intersect to determine beneficiaries and losers during LSLA. Second, we show that LSLA tend to re-entrench existing inequalities in power relations that exist within communities in favour of people with traceable ancestral lineage. Concomitantly, non-indigenous groups especially migrants, bear the brunt of exclusion and are unfortunately exposed to severe livelihood stresses due to their inability to leverage patronage networks and political power to defend their interests. We submit that empirical examination of the impacts of land acquisitions should consider the centrality of power and patronage networks between indigenes and non-indigenes, and how this socio-cultural dichotomy restricts and/or mediates land acquisition outcomes in Cameroon.
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| 5 |
ID:
091820
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Recent sharp increases in food prices have prompted some food-importing countries to promote the acquisition of farmland abroad as a strategy to secure food supplies at affordable prices. Businesses are recognizing new opportunities for strong returns from agricultural investment, including agri-food, biofuels and other agricultural commodities. Dubbed 'land grabs' in the press, large-scale land acquisitions have kindled much international debate, in which strong positions are taken on the impacts of such investments on the environment, rights, sovereignty, livelihoods, development and conflict at local, national and international levels. This article provides an analysis of this complex and shifting situation, focusing on Africa and drawing on quantitative inventories of land acquisitions in four countries and on a small sample of land deals. The article lays out key trends and drivers, and discusses the main features of international land deals before analysing the main risks and opportunities involved, focusing on implications for local, national and global food security. The article concludes by outlining practical steps to make the renewed momentum in agricultural investment work for development, and avoid the pitfalls of exacerbated political tensions.
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| 6 |
ID:
147604
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At the Third Plenary of the 18th Chinese Communist Party Central Committee, the Party announced a number of rural reforms. Commentators were quick to pronounce a win for farmers’ land rights. However, the broader commitment of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to deepening economic liberalization raises the question: can these reforms protect farmers’ rights in the event of land acquisition? The author draws on fieldwork, recent interviews and China’s documented history of land acquisition practice to identify four risks posed by these reforms: undervaluation, elite capture, exploitation and the expansion of the urban underclass. The article concludes that China’s steadfast resolve to expand capitalism in rural China is undermining its attempts to secure rural property rights.
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| 7 |
ID:
091325
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2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
It is not happening in Pakistan alone. Prime farmland in other developing countries is also being acquired by foreign investors, mainly from the West and the oil-rich Middle Eastern countries.
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| 8 |
ID:
097977
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| 9 |
ID:
130644
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2013.
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With the 'global land grab' now a primary ongoing process in the developing world, greater attention to region-specific analyses provides critical insights for effective policy responses. The Indian Ocean world has the greatest regional concentration of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) globally, and it is also where most of the investor countries reside. Yet examination of Indian Ocean-specific patterns and processes of LSLAs is lacking. One of the most sought after categories of lands are those in forested or recently forested areas, owing to their high potential natural resource and agricultural value. This review article examines the primary issues, actors and impacts of LSLAs of forest-related lands in the broader Indian Ocean world, while assessing the opportunities for national populations of target countries as well as investors and the key social and environmental concerns requiring policy attention.
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| 10 |
ID:
130296
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2014.
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Recent global policy attention to "land grabs" by international investors while very important, has diverted attention away from two other process that may be even more fundamentally affecting Africa's economic development trajectory: (1') the pace of land acquisitions by medium-scale African investors, who non-' control more land than large scale foreign investors in each of the three countries examine in this study (Ghana Kenya, and Zambia); and (ii) the overall impact of land transections on the viability of African governments' agricultural strategies, which for the most part remain predicated on smallholder led development and will require the expansion of cropland by smallholder household in Zambia and Ghana
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| 11 |
ID:
128535
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
India's legal regime governing the compulsory acquisition of private land by the state for "public purposes" - centered on the Land Acquisition Act 1894 (LAA) - has long been criticized for breeding corruption and insufficiently protecting landowners and local communities. Attempts to overhaul the LAA have faced stiff resistance from powerful interests within and outside the state. When the United Progressive Alliance government took power in 2004, few would have guessed that it would seek to replace the LAA with legislation that imposes more rigorous standards for the compulsory acquisition of land and detailed rules for rehabilitating displaced people. Yet, in 2011 the government introduced the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill (LARRB). This article argues (1) that the LARRB displays certain distinctive characteristics shared by other rights-related statutes enacted under the UPA government; (2) that the emergence of this distinctive - and unforeseen - piece of legislation was driven largely by India's approach to creating Special Economic Zones; and (3) that both the LARRB's content and the process by which it was introduced have implications for debates of wider theoretical significance, including the increasingly hybrid nature of rights, and the desirability of combining insights from the literatures on "policy feedback" and "policy entrepreneurs."
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| 12 |
ID:
121108
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper presents the experiences of 22 displaced families and their battle for water access based on a pilot survey of Manesar, in the northern Indian state of Haryana. Interviews were conducted in the summer of 2011 to examine a water regime recently transformed by compulsory land acquisition and displacement in one of India's driest and fastest growing areas. This dimension of the land acquisition and displacement narrative is a response to the crisis over resource access and control in peri-urban India where a burgeoning demand for land, water, and capital has sparked contentious debates over fairness and equity. Despite recent amendments to the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, long-standing questions regarding compensation and rehabilitation for drinking water services remain unanswered. The findings of this paper show that there may be limits to halting the effects of land displacement altogether without aggressive legislation capping water grabs, or a radical shift in the way in which water is valued and redistributed to the landless. Conventional alternatives to fulfilling drinking water needs, designed by and for the less poor, such as bottled water, private water tankers, water permit systems, or even land redistribution are likely to exacerbate already limited access, rather than improve it. A number of mitigation techniques are explored, including those inherent to common property resources (CPR), which may ensure access to safe drinking water is maintained.
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| 13 |
ID:
098488
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| 14 |
ID:
166884
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This article discusses the trajectory of project implementation in the development of the Hatirjheel lake area in Dhaka, which involved forced relocation and socio-economic deprivation for most project-affected people. It raises questions over the extent to which such processes need to be seen as state-induced violations of basic justice, asking whether more justice-focused management of such projects is becoming an unrealistic expectation in an increasingly crowded Bangladesh. The article discusses the socio-political dynamics and community-related issues affecting different stakeholders during the implementation of the project. Despite the official presence of participatory planning techniques, the forceful imposition of the development plans and the drastic ramifications of forced land acquisition are shown to have violated basic principles of good governance. It is suggested that less violent and more inclusive approaches are possible despite resource scarcities and that lessons can be learned from such experiences for the future.
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| 15 |
ID:
106541
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The construction of large dams continues apace in many developing countries. This is no more evident than in China, where half of the world's large dams are now located. A decade ago the World Commission on Dams released its review of large dams around the world. The report provided a framework for the decision-making of governments, donors, policymakers, planners, and dam builders across seven strategic priorities: to gain acceptance; assess options; address existing dams; sustain rivers and livelihoods; recognize entitlements and secure benefits; ensure compliance; and share rivers across boundaries. Using the strategic priorities as a frame for analysis, this article reviews the progress made by the Chinese government over the last 10 years with respect to addressing the human casualties of large dam construction. It identifies specific frailties and strengths in Chinese policy and practice. It suggests that a stakeholder satisfaction model that places the affected population at the centre of the accountability structure would ensure that those who are tasked with the administration of resettlement policies are answerable to the affected people. In this way, resettlement from large dams can become truly people-centred.
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| 16 |
ID:
119145
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2013.
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Acquisition of land and reallocation of previously acquired land for Special Economic Zones (SEZ) has stimulated protests that provide a terrain for exploring the changing landscape of contestation in the liberalizing political economy of India. Social movements, organizations, and communities resist the land, development, and sovereignty implications of SEZs. Although there are common concerns, efforts to co-organize protests on a national or regional scale have proved difficult. In place of nationwide narratives critiquing the model, anti-SEZ resistance predominantly reflects localized interpretations. The parochial nature of resistance to date is a product of diverse opinions on preferred outcomes, regional, or local viewings of the state, particular political dynamics, and the range of actors involved in SEZ struggles. I argue that the state is not a monolithic entity, but rather the anti-SEZ struggles view and make demands upon distinct levels of or individuals within the state. In developing this position, I explore the localization of SEZ struggles in Goa, India, examine the dynamics of resistance at the state level, and address political opportunities that emerge in the context of protest. The state's recent electoral change provides a chance to reflect further on the shifting 'state' target for political protest.
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| 17 |
ID:
163240
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| Summary/Abstract |
Very few studies have captured the full complexity of land acquisition processes at the agricultural frontier. Specifically, the different stages in the land acquisition process and the changing responses of local communities to plantation development have not been adequately described and explained. Based on a detailed empirical case study of a land acquisition process in a village at the oil palm frontier in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, we address this knowledge gap. To comprehensively capture reactions ‘from below’ to large‐scale land acquisition, we use the interlinked concepts of access, property and authority. We show that the land acquisition process is basically a process of transforming and obscuring customary property rights and local authority. In our case, this process is characterised by an initial recognition of customary rights and local authority by the oil palm company. However, in the course of the process, these property rights and local authority are being transformed and eventually obscured. We call for a more interventionist state to prepare a less uneven playing field at the very beginning of land acquisition processes. This could slow down the nearly irrevocable obfuscation of customary rights and the erosion of local authority at the oil palm frontier.
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| 18 |
ID:
149925
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India's energy needs and development imperatives mandate an increase in power generation which at the current time is largely dependent on fossil fuel. The discourses surrounding development in these contexts subsume the rights of forest dwelling people to the necessities of power generation and therefore to coal mines. This article discusses the responses of a community of adivasis in Chhattisgarh to the imminent takeover of their land for new mines. The article then discusses the ramifications of ignoring the displacement of these people and the loss of their land and livelihoods and sets out some policy recommendations to remediate the impact of land acquisition through the strengthening of already existing laws and Government Acts. It calls for a holistic look at India's energy sources, methods to ensure compliance with compensation awarded, clarification of some parts of the Lands Acquisition Act and the speedy implementation of Community Forest Rights under the Forest Rights Act.
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| 19 |
ID:
130780
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