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ID: 091715

Broken lines of Il/legality and the reproduction of state sover: the impact of Visa policies on immigrants to Turkey from Bulgaria / Kasli, Zeynep; Parla, Ayse

Kasli, Zeynep	Journal Article
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2009.

Summary/Abstract

After the granting of citizenship to 300,000 immigrants from Bulgaria in 1989, Turkey has enacted visa regime changes concerning more recent migrants from Bulgaria, who, according to the most recent modification, are only allowed to stay for 90 days within any six-month period. In this article, the authors demonstrate that the broken lines of legality/illegality produced by these changing policies further entrench the sovereignty of the state through the "inclusive exclusion" of immigrants who are subject to the law but not subject in the law. The temporary legalization of Bulgarian immigrants to Turkey in return for voting in the Bulgarian elections reveals that the state extends its transnational political power by drawing and redrawing the broken lines of legality/illegality. We demonstrate not only the ways in which the migrant population from Bulgaria is managed but also the strategies deployed by the migrants themselves in the face of such sovereign acts.

Key Words

Sovereignty ; Immigration ; Turkey ; Bulgaria ; Visa Policy ; Visa Policies

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ID: 149429

Facilitating role of visa policies on international trade and foreign direct investment / Akman, Engin

Akman, Engin	Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract

This study is focused on the direction and magnitude of visa policies on bilateral trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), both of which often necessitate in-person contacts. Visa restrictions hinder cross-border travel deterring potential visitors and producing an inimical effect on trade and FDI. Liberal visa policies facilitate business travels and encourage companies engaging in international trade. This article analyzes the impact of visa restrictions using gravity-type models for the period of 2000–14 on the exports and FDI of Turkey. A panel data fixed-effects model helps elucidate time-variant and country-idiosyncratic characteristics of visa policies. The estimations indicate that visa restrictions have a significant negative effect on both trade and FDI. Two-step cluster analysis is also utilized to segment countries depending on the visa-free travel their citizens enjoy employing the Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index. Results suggest that effects of visa restrictions are higher for countries having higher travel

Key Words

Foreign Direct Investment ; Visa Policy ; Fixed Effects ; Trade Modeling ; Gravity Models

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