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| 1 |
ID:
092840
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In December 2008, the European Council and the European Parliament agreed on a final compromise for a new European renewable energy directive. One of the most debated issues prior to this compromise was the design of "target flexibility mechanisms", which should allow member states with low or expensive renewable energy potential to partly fulfil their national renewable energy target in other countries. This article traces back the political discussion that has led to the evolution of the different flexibility options. It then evaluates the most prominent flexibility mechanisms against a set of qualitative criteria. It concludes that free or restricted certificate trade based on guarantees of origin (GOs) - as proposed earlier by the European Commission - is not a viable option due to some "knockout" criteria, despite other potential advantages. The mechanisms that have replaced GO trade in the final compromise - joint projects, joint support schemes and statistical transfer between member states - provide less flexibility, but score better against a number of other important criteria. The crucial question for the coming years is how their utilisation can be facilitated. One first step might be that proactive member states define open design issues for implementing the mechanisms.
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| 2 |
ID:
192781
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| Summary/Abstract |
E-fuels are a promising technological option to reduce the carbon footprint in the transportation sector. To ensure the renewable origin of electricity-based fuels and minimize the impact of power-to-liquid facilities on the electricity grid, the European Union implemented electricity purchase conditions within the Renewable Energy Directive II. In this work, we analyze the impact of these electricity purchase conditions on the optimal placement, dimensioning and operation of facilities and the German electricity system. The results show that implementing the proposed electricity purchase conditions increases electrolysis capacity by 15.8% and reduces utilization by 672 h in 2030. With the constrained electricity supply, the power-to-liquid facilities concentrate on network nodes with high renewable potential, while the carbon dioxide supply loses importance. Overall, the German electricity system is not heavily affected by the proposed purchase conditions as the required renewable generation capacities only increase slightly. At the same time, carbon dioxide abatement costs rise by 14.3% by introducing the electricity purchase conditions.
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