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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
104808
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| 2 |
ID:
093531
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In the United States, the federal government and several state governments are formulating or implementing policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gases emissions. In April 2009, the State of California adopted the Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), a groundbreaking policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. This paper reviews the major elements of a LCFS, focusing on California's implementation, and discusses the key open issues of a LCFS. This paper also summarizes the major elements of the cap-and-trade and carbon tax concepts, the two principal alternative approaches to regulating greenhouse gases emissions. Analytical issues associated with the LCFS are highlighted, including land-use change effects associated with certain biofuels. If electricity becomes a significant transportation fuel, a number of regulatory issues will need to be addressed. Beyond California, the LCFS approach appears to be favored by several other US states and the European Union. A Hydrogen-Success scenario example illustrates the key features of a national LCFS following California's model.
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| 3 |
ID:
111342
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The need to reduce oil consumption and greenhouse gases is driving a fundamental change toward more efficient, advanced vehicles, and fuels in the transportation sector. The paper reviews the current status of light duty vehicles in the US and discusses policies to improve fuel efficiency, advanced electric drives, and sustainable cellulosic biofuels. The paper describes the cost, technical, infrastructure, and market barriers for alternative technologies, i.e., advanced biofuels and light-duty vehicles, including diesel vehicles, natural-gas vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel-cell electric vehicles. The paper also presents R&D targets and technology validation programs of the US government.
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