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| 1 |
ID:
177501
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| Summary/Abstract |
Under the background of removing the subsidies for the new energy vehicles step by step and increasing the subsidies for the charging facilities in China, getting a comprehensive understanding on public's perception and attitudes towards new energy vehicles and charging facilities is significant to the policymakers. To fulfil these goals, we design and perform a random survey in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, the four first-tier cities in China from July 2019 to December 2019. In the survey, we not only investigate the public's attitudes to new energy vehicles but also ask the willingness to pay (WTP) for the use of charging facilities. We find that those persons who are male, younger or having higher family monthly income are willing to pay more for the use of charging facilities. If the interviewee has better knowledge about the new energy vehicles or considers that the new energy vehicles can improve the air quality, he/she also would like to pay more. Finally, the WTP for the charging facilities is estimated to be 0.836 yuan/kWh extra and WTP for different group of interviewees is also analyzed. Therefore, in the initial development of charging facilities, subsidies are necessary but they should be removed later.
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| 2 |
ID:
193723
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Consumer attitude toward electric vehicles is very important for clean development. Chen and Lin (2022) explored the impact of consumer behavioral characteristics on satisfaction with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The research team builds on this study for further research from a dynamic perspective. This study utilized 3778 valid samples from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2019 and 2023 to explore the differences in behavioral characteristics and satisfaction across periods and cities. Mechanisms of influence were also discussed. The main findings include: (1) Consumer satisfaction has increased in 2023 compared to 2019, while charging habits have changed in favor of nighttime charging. Additionally, consumers have lower requirements for charging time and price, and higher requirements for charging infrastructure distribution. (2) Consumers in non-first-tier cities are more receptive to charging infrastructure farther from homes than consumers in first-tier cities. (3) In current first-tier cities, preference for daytime or nighttime charging no longer affects consumer satisfaction, while the price increase sensitivity has a less significant effect on consumer satisfaction in non-first-tier cities. (4) Consumer perceived control and expectation disconfirmation are found to be important mechanisms through which behavioral characteristics affect satisfaction. Finally, this study proposes targeted policy implications based on the findings.
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| 3 |
ID:
179742
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy cooperation is a major part of China's Belt & Road Initiative (BRI). In particular, power generation projects play a significant role, especially coal power projects. In spite of its substantial impacts on China and the world, research on the BRI coal power projects is scarce. To provide a better picture of the BRI coal power cooperation, we analyze the evolutions, rationales, challenges, and prospects. Our finding reveals that the BRI coal power projects generate opportunity for the BRI participants, as coal energy can render electricity generation more efficient in these countries, mostly from developing world, with larger and cleaner plants, providing flexibility for greater integration of renewables. However, given sustainability concerns regarding coal power, our article suggests that the transition toward low-carbon energy systems should be pursued in the long-term with more focus on promoting innovations in energy efficiency, energy storage, and cleaner energies like gas, wind, and solar.
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| 4 |
ID:
176819
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| Summary/Abstract |
Civil nuclear cooperation is a part of China's Belt & Road Initiative (BRI). Although the complex nature of nuclear technology and scale of the BRI program are likely to have substantial influences on the global nuclear landscape, research regarding the BRI nuclear cooperation is scarce. Given that paucity, our article aims at providing a fuller understanding of the program and policy implications. Distinctive parts include the BRI's economic dirigisme and new norms reflected to this nuclear cooperation, which draw a range of implications to the global nuclear future. Noting that the value of “win-win” is at the center of the BRI, this research highlights the need for a practical approach in the BRI nuclear cooperation and more emphasis on renewable energies. The roles of international community and regulators in the changing global nuclear market are also discussed.
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| 5 |
ID:
115689
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
China is currently in the process of industrialization and urbanization, which is the key stage of transition from a low-income country to a middle-income country and requires large amount of energy. The process will not end until 2020, so China's primary energy demand will keep high growth in the mid-term. Although each country is unique considering its particular history and background, all countries are sharing some common rules in energy demand for economic development. Based on the comparison with developed countries, here, we report some rules in the process of industrialization and urbanization as follows: (1) urbanization always goes along with industrialization; (2) the higher economic growth is, the higher energy demand is; (3) economic globalization makes it possible to shorten the time of industrialization, but the shorter the transition phase is, the faster energy demand grows; (4) the change of energy intensity presents as an "inverted U" curve, but whose shape can be changed for different energy policy. The above rules are very important for the Chinese government in framing its energy policy.
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| 6 |
ID:
124444
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Zhang and Qin (2013) argued that in Jiang and Lin (2012), the equation form and variable selection should be altered, and it was problematic to use regression equation to project the future. In this reply, we disagree with and will refute some of the points raised in their comments. The model that we established was based on the mature economic theory; with the variable selections all having economic implications. Considering the economic development stage, China's urbanization will speed up and this will have significant effect on energy consumption. Therefore, urbanization is an indispensable variable for analyzing energy demand in China. The scenario design only in terms of the GDP is sufficient for illustrating energy demand trend in China to be understood in a way by most of the people. Although energy forecast is not that precise, it has an important implication for energy policy design, especially for China which is in transition. And China's energy demand will keep high growth in the mid-term.
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| 7 |
ID:
127279
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2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
China's natural gas consumption is growing rapidly and it has being driven by economic growth, industrialization and urbanization. In addition, the country's low-carbon development strategy, government-controlled gas price, and some other factors also contribute to the surging gas consumption. This paper studies China's natural gas consumption in residential, industrial and commercial sectors. We adopt the cointegration test and error correction model to study the relationships of explanatory factors and gas consumption of different sectors and climate factor is included into the analysis. In order to find the direction of natural gas pricing reform and establish the benchmark gas price, this paper also estimates the size of gas price subsidy by using price-gap approach. Our findings are as follows: In the long term, China's residential sector is more sensitive to price than the other two. Urbanization is an important factor promoting industrial and commercial gas consumption. Prices of other energies have an influence on natural gas consumption significantly due to the substitutability between energies. The slow-moving and unsatisfying pricing reforms on refined oil and natural gas lead to positive price elasticity of natural gas in the commercial sector, which implies that a further energy price reform is still stringent for China.
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| 8 |
ID:
124506
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Currently, China is the largest carbon emitter mainly due to growing consumption of fossil fuels. In 2009, the Chinese government committed itself to reducing domestic carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45% by 2020 compared to 2005 levels. Therefore, it is a top priority for the Chinese government to adopt efficient policy instruments to reduce its carbon intensity. Against this background, this paper develops a general equilibrium model and seeks to provide empirical contributions by comparing the potential impacts of several different policy options to reduce China's carbon emissions. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, these climate policies would affect the structure of economy and contribute to carbon emissions reduction and carbon intensity reduction. Secondly, there would be significant differences in the economic and environmental effects among different climate policies and hence, the government would trade-off among different economic objectives to overcome any potential resistances. Thirdly, there would be considerable differences in the emissions effects of absolute and intensity-based carbon emissions controls, implying that the government might adopt different climate policies for absolute or intensity-based carbon emissions controls. Looking ahead, the government should trade-off among different objectives when designing climate reforms.
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| 9 |
ID:
176686
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| Summary/Abstract |
Understanding the convergence patterns of energy intensity and the drivers leading to the club convergence are of great significance for local governments to implement targeted policies to improve energy efficiency. With this in mind, we begin with the collection of energy consumption data of 193 Chinese cities at prefecture level or above, then we adopt the log t-test and clustering algorithm to investigate convergence characteristics of energy intensity. Besides, the Ordered Probit model is adopted to investigate the drivers that affect the formulation of convergent club. We identify four convergent clubs among total 193 cities, and these clubs show great differences in energy intensity. Marketization degree, population density, foreign direct investment, resource endowment, and industrial structure are recognized as the drivers of the formation of convergence clubs. This paper adds more evidence to understand the energy intensity gap, we propose that upgrading the industrial structure, exerting economic assemble advantage, enhancing the level of opening up, and improving the marketization level are favorable measures to reduce energy intensity.
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| 10 |
ID:
111411
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Electricity is the guarantee of normal life, and the electricity price is widely concerned. As a developing country in the transition stage, abundant policy implications are included in the electricity price in China, thus, whether to adjust the resident electricity price is a dilemma for the government. However, the current single tariff system cannot cope with the complex social and environmental problems. A new price mechanism is indeed needed. This paper tries to design an increasing block tariffs system with the consideration of residential income and electricity consumption. The result indicates that the increasing block tariffs system with four-tier structure is more reasonable for China. Although the increasing block tariffs will result in the increase of electricity price, it is still acceptable and affordable. The increasing block tariffs will greatly improve the equity and efficiency, and promote the electricity saving and emissions reduction. Moreover, the power companies will increase tariffs revenue, which would use to the transmission networks investment in poor area. In order to the offset the limitations of the increasing block tariffs, the government should adopt some complementary measures.
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| 11 |
ID:
185706
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| Summary/Abstract |
Investigating the energy consumption behavior of the elderly is of great significance in improving welfare and energy conservation in the context of aging. This paper uses the regression discontinuity design to investigate the effect of retirement on the electricity consumption of the elderly using data from China family panel studies (CFPS) over the period 2010–2018. The results reveal that retirement increases household electricity consumption by 20.03%–32.13%, and this effect is more significant among residents with high income, high education and good health. The increase in home time caused by intergenerational care after retirement serves as an important channel of influence. Further analysis shows that residents’ electricity expenditure increases by 36.44% on average, and the higher the residential electricity consumption, the higher the electricity expenditure. We also observe that national annual retirement increases electricity consumption by 1.71 billion kWh, which accounts for 0.17% of the total electricity consumption of residents. These findings reveal the urgency needed to address future energy demand shocks and reform the increasing block pricing system for the elderly to avoid a decline in their welfare.
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| 12 |
ID:
177482
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| Summary/Abstract |
China is undergoing a market-oriented reform in energy and the residential sector will be involved in the near future. The analysis of energy poverty is crucial in breaking the illusion of the dilemma between enhancing energy efficiency and controlling poverty. Based on Chinese residential energy consumption survey, we firstly estimated the energy poverty in China by the “10% indicator” and “LIHC indicators”, and then proposed a “minimum end-use” method to classify the energy-poor households into lifeline and consumption energy poverty. Results show that energy poverty exists in China at the proportion of 18.9%, and 46% of the energy-poor houses are in short of modern energy consumption and are sensitive to tariffs, with a level of electricity consumption lower than the basic demand. The energy poverty rate is highest in central China, while the lifeline energy poor are relatively concentrated in the western region. In terms of public policy, we suggest focusing on heterogeneity by considering different groups of households when implementing energy efficiency measures, and targeting more on the consumption energy poor in poverty alleviation. We also suggest paying particular attention to targeting households with low income by supporting practices such as coupons for energy consumption and appliance purchasing.
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| 13 |
ID:
191194
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| Summary/Abstract |
Over the past 20 years, China has experienced several waves of secondary industry relocations, where some secondary industries move from one region or province to another. Variant from the primary industry and the tertiary industry, the secondary industry (mainly the industrial sectors) is made up of numerous energy-intensive firms and hence, have critical impacts on the regional carbon intensity. However, there is little knowledge about the structure of the secondary industry's relocation and its impact on carbon intensity. Based on the latest multi-regional input-output (MRIO) table, this paper measures the scale, trend and structure of the secondary industry's relocation between eight regions in China. The effect of the secondary industry's relocation on regional carbon intensity is discussed by applying GMM techniques to the panel data on the interregional industrial relocation across 30 provinces. The results confirm that the inflow of secondary industry positively affects the carbon intensity, which is stronger in the central regions. In addition, the heterogeneity analysis shows that implementing the “Belt and Road” Initiative enhances the impact of the secondary industry's relocation on carbon intensity. This paper deepens the understanding of the environmental effects of industrial relocation.
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| 14 |
ID:
182716
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| Summary/Abstract |
Mitigating global warming is the responsibility of all countries. Moreso, the role of forests in sequestrating carbon is very crucial. Most environmental organizations are active in protecting the environment according to their objectives. This paper investigates the relationship between institutional freedom and forest carbon sinks by using a panel threshold model with 139 countries to verify the U-shaped relationship between forest carbon sinks and economic development. The U-shaped curve between forest carbon sinks and economic development is the same as the environmental Kuznets curve. The impact of institutional freedom on forest carbon sinks under different economic development thresholds is analyzed. Institutional freedom harms forest carbon sinks when the country experiences lower economic growth. Further analysis shows that when economic development is high, there are positive effects, and the beneficial effects of institutional freedom on the forest carbon sink gradually enhance as the threshold value increases. The article clarifies the relationship between institutional freedom and forest carbon sinks and also provides implications for making forest management strategies and climate mitigation policies.
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| 15 |
ID:
171413
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| Summary/Abstract |
By the end of 2017, China formally established the national carbon trading market, however, only electricity industry was eligible to participate in the emission trading scheme (ETS). This paper aims to answer the question as to what should China do after the first step of establishing China's national ETS market using a dynamic recursive CGE model with six scenarios from different coverage according to relevant documents. The results show that when more industries are covered in ETS market it will lead to a higher GDP performance and less ETS price in general. Since the trading price is related to the marginal emission reduction cost of enterprises, the coverage of enterprises with low emission reduction cost can bring lower prices. However, there is no direct relationship between carbon price and emission reduction, as the coverage is different in different. There is no obvious relationship between the additional burden of enterprises and emission reduction, it is only related to carbon price and the coverage. Finally, we find that after covering the power generation industry, the carbon market should cover other primary energy production enterprises, which will bring much better emission reduction benefits than the original plan of the National Development and Reform Commission in China.
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| 16 |
ID:
109368
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
As the most efficient market-based mitigation instrument, carbon tax is highly recommended by economists and international organizations. Countries like Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Netherlands and Norway were the first adopters of carbon tax and as such, research on the impacts and problems of carbon tax implementation in these countries will provide great practical significance as well as caution for countries that are to levy the tax. Different from the existing studies that adopt the model simulation approaches, in this article, we comprehensively estimate the real mitigation effects of the five north European countries by employing the method of difference-in-difference (DID). The results indicate that carbon tax in Finland imposes a significant and negative impact on the growth of its per capita CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, the effects of carbon tax in Denmark, Sweden and Netherlands are negative but not significant. The mitigation effects of carbon tax are weakened due to the tax exemption policies on certain energy intensive industries in these countries. Notwithstanding, in Norway, as the rapid growth of energy products drives a substantial increase of CO2 emissions in oil drilling and natural gas exploitation sectors, carbon tax actually has not realized its mitigation effects.
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| 17 |
ID:
133121
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
As the high energy-consuming manufacturing industry, electricity consumption of nonmetallic mineral products in China accounted for 7.93% of industrial, 5.84% of national and 1.33% of global electricity consumption in 2010. This study attempts to specify the determinants of sectoral electricity demand, forecast future electricity consumption by creating a model using the Johansen cointegration methodology and estimate the sectoral electricity conservation potential. Results indicate that GDP per capita is the leading force explaining the sectoral electricity consumption increase, while value-added per worker, R&D intensity and electricity price are the main factors contributing to the sectoral electricity consumption decrease. Results demonstrate that sectoral electricity consumption in 2020 will be 369.79-464.83 billion kWh under the low-growth scenario and 530.14-666.39 billion kWh under the high-growth scenario. Moreover, under the low-growth scenario, the sectoral electricity conservation potential in 2020 will be 33.72-95.03 billion kWh, accounting for 0.45-1.26% of China's total electricity demand in 2020; under the high-growth scenario, the sectoral electricity conservation potential in 2020 will be 48.34-136.24 billion kWh, accounting for 0.26-0.74% of world's total electricity consumption in 2010 respectively. Finally, we provide some policy recommendations for encouraging energy conservation in China's nonmetallic mineral products industry.
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| 18 |
ID:
180108
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| Summary/Abstract |
The mining industry is one of the basic industries in China that ensures energy security. However, the mining industry's energy consumption is huge. It is, therefore, significant to improve the mining industry's energy and carbon performance. This paper adopts the non-radial directional distance function (NDDF) to measure the energy and carbon performance (ECP) of China's mining industry. It uses the metafrontier Malmquist index (MML) to disassemble the mining industry's ECP into three components to explore the driving factors during the 11th and 12th five-year plan. The empirical results reflect that although the mining industry's ECP is improved during two plan periods, technological progress does not have an obvious contribution to the ECP improvement. This means the mining sector lacks the innovation effect. As for policymaking, the government should support the mining sector's technological innovation, reduce surplus capacity, and open mineral markets.
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| 19 |
ID:
137744
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper employs a newly developed non-radial directional distance function to evaluate China's regional energy and CO2 emission performance for the period 1997–2009. Moreover, we analyze the impact of China's market-oriented reform on China's regional energy and carbon efficiency. The main findings are as follows. First, most of China's regions did not perform efficiently in energy use and CO2 emissions. Provinces in the east area generally performed better than those in the central and west areas. By contrast, provinces in the west area generally evidenced the lowest efficiency. Second, Market-oriented reforms, especially the promotion of factor market, were found to have positive effect on the efficiency of energy use and CO2 emissions. Third, the share of coal in the total energy consumption and the expansion of the industrial sector were found to be negatively correlated with China's regional energy and CO2 emissions performance. Based on the empirical findings, we provide policy suggestions for enhancing energy and carbon efficiency in China.
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| 20 |
ID:
124437
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The paper analyzes the electricity saving potential of nonferrous metals industry in China. The cointegration method is applied to estimate electricity intensity of Chinese nonferrous metals industry, in an effort to predict future electricity saving potential. The results show that there is a long-run equilibrium between electricity intensity and factors such as R&D intensity, industrial electricity price, enterprise scale, and labor productivity. By means of scenario analysis, we evaluate different possible measures that might be adopted to narrow down the electricity efficiency gap between nonferrous metals industry in China and that of Japan. The results indicate that more active electricity conservation policies are needed in order to reduce the electricity intensity of Chinese nonferrous metals industry. We also find that the electricity efficiency gap could be significantly narrowed by 2020 if proper electricity conservation policy is adopted. Finally, based on the results of the scenario analysis, future policy priorities are suggested.
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