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ID: 094136

Changing minority representation in the U S military / Armor, David J; Gilroy, Curtis L

Armor, David J	Journal Article
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2010.

Summary/Abstract

The Department of Defense has always sought a socially representative enlisted force, especially with respect to African American and Hispanic minorities. Ideally, in a democratic society a military force should be representative of the nation it defends. African American overrepresentation was a major concern during the first decade of the All-Volunteer Force (AVF), while Hispanics were underrepresented. During the 1980s black representation stabilized and Hispanics began to increase, especially with respect to enlistments. Starting in the 1990s, black representation began to decline, followed more recently by declines among Hispanics. This article examines changes in minority representation since the inception of the AVF in 1973 and argues that the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have played a significant role in recent changes.

Key Words

Minorities ; Military - U S ; U S - Military ; Propensity ; Recruiting ; Social Representation

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ID: 157300

Propensity, intensity and persistence of r&d spending in Chinese firms / Wu, Yanrui

Wu, Yanrui	Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract

This article contributes to the understanding of innovative behaviour in China’s large and medium-sized firms and hence the role of Chinese firms in innovation. The empirical analyses are based on firm-level survey data. Innovation has important implications not only for the transformation of the Chinese economy but also for the rest of the world as Chinese firms become increasingly active internationally. Specifically, this article explores the factors underlying the propensity, intensity and persistence of research and development (R&D) spending in Chinese firms.

Key Words

Chinese Firms ; Propensity ; Intensity and Persistence ; R&D Spending

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