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| 1 |
ID:
125538
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy labels in buildings are awarded based on theoretical gas and electricity consumption based on dwelling's physical characteristics. Prior to this research, a large-scale study was conducted in The Netherlands comparing theoretical energy use with data on actual energy use revealing substantial discrepancies (Majcen et al., 2013). This study uses identical energy label data, supplemented with additional data sources in order to reveal how different parameters influence theoretical and actual consumptions gas and electricity. Analysis is conducted through descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Regression analysis explained far less of the variation in the actual consumption than in the theoretical and has shown that variables such as floor area, ownership type, salary and the value of the house, which predicted a high degree of change in actual gas consumption, were insignificant (ownership, salary, value) or had a minor impact on theoretical consumption (floor area). Since some possibly fundamental variables were unavailable for regression analysis, we also conducted a sensitivity study of theoretical gas consumption. It showed that average indoor temperature, ventilation rate and accuracy of U-value have a large influence on the theoretical gas consumption; whereas the number of occupants and internal heat load have a rather limited impact.
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| 2 |
ID:
150746
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Directive 1999/94/EC requires Member States of the European Union (EU) to ensure that consumers are informed about the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of new passenger cars. The European Commission is currently evaluating the directive. In support of this effort, we assess the status of car labelling in the EU. We find that all EU Member States have formally implemented national car labelling schemes. However, relevant information is not presented to consumers in a uniform manner. Only 13 Member States have implemented graphic labels that differ in their design, metrics, and classification of vehicles. The fuel consumption data displayed to consumers underrate yearly fuel costs in the order of several hundred Euros per car. We argue that car labelling can be made more effective if Member States adopt: (i) a uniform label that mirrors, as far as feasible, the design of the EU energy label, (ii) data and classification metrics that accurately reflect the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions observed by consumers, and (iii) a labelling scale that allows differentiation between efficient hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. By following these recommendations, the European car labelling can receive wider recognition and foster well-informed consumer choices.
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| 3 |
ID:
171471
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The PBE program made the adoption of energy labels mandatory in the Brazilian refrigerator market. In this paper, we examine the effects of PBE using data from a nationally representative sample of households and a structural model of appliance choice. We document a modest increase in the valuation of energy costs by Brazilian consumers. However, the program is unable to eliminate the energy efficiency gap, in that consumers undervalue energy costs both pre-and post-PBE. Moreover, our policy simulation documents little product switching and heterogeneity in responses. All in all, while the PBE program aimed to both reduce energy consumption and increase energy efficiency, we can only claim robust evidence of the latter.
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| 4 |
ID:
179667
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The European Union has decided to replace its previously existing A+++ to D labelling scheme for cold appliances with a rescaled A to G labelling scheme in 2021. Employing a demographically representative discrete choice experiment on refrigerator adoption using an online survey among more than 1000 households in Germany, this paper explores the effects of the rescaled scheme compared to the previous scheme on the stated uptake of top-rated refrigerators, i.e. those classified A+++ under the previous scheme and B under the rescaled scheme. Since in practice both schemes may be shown for a transitory period, the paper also explores the effects of displaying both labels simultaneously. The findings from estimating a mixed logit model suggest that showing the rescaled label alone significantly increases valuation of top-rated refrigerators compared to showing the previous A+++ to D label alone. In comparison, when the previous A+++ to D and the rescaled A to G schemes are shown simultaneously, no benefits of introducing the rescaled label are found. Thus, policymakers should strive to enforce the application of the rescaled labelling scheme as quickly as possible and to shorten transitory periods where both labels are shown simultaneously.
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| 5 |
ID:
150902
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy labels have generally received positive response from consumers and have moved the market for white goods and cars in the direction of more energy-efficient products. On the real estate market, it was expected that an energy label, rating the energy performance of a property based on a national energy performance certificate (EPC) might receive similar response. However, in Denmark no response to the energy performance rating was observed for 15 years. This was a surprise considering that Denmark was the first country to implement an A to G rating of the energy performance of buildings. A statistical examination of data on property sales prices and energy performance ratings was carried out. All relevant property transaction data from 2007 till 2012 were examined and they showed that energy performance ratings had an impact on property sales prices. However, before June 2010, the impact was modest, whereas after June 2010 the impact of energy performance ratings on property sales prices increased significantly as a result of an EU requirement to display the energy performance rating in connection with property sales. On this background, it was concluded that a public display of the energy performance rating is fundamental for market response.
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| 6 |
ID:
171360
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This paper addresses the thermal Energy Performance Gap (EPG), defined as the difference between a building's theoretical and actual energy consumption for thermal purposes (heating and hot water). Successful energy policies require estimates of the energy saving potential of the building stock. It is the objective of this work to analyse whether and to what extent an EPG exists in residential buildings in Switzerland. The database of the Swiss Cantonal Energy Certificate for Buildings was used, covering over 50 000 buildings.
The median EPG was found to be −11% (i.e. actual consumption lower than theoretical) but varied across ratings from 12.4% (B-label) to −40.4% (G-label). Buildings with low energy ratings tend to consume significantly less than expected, while buildings with high rating tend to consume slightly more than expected. For the A-labels buildings (0.5% of the total) an EPG of −6.2% was found, suggesting that the very high-performance buildings may be more robust to the EPG.
Simplified scenarios to illustrate the impact of this EPG on total consumption are presented, which highlight the challenge of meeting the Swiss Energy Strategy 2050 with a realistic renovation rate. The importance of low carbon heat supply for buildings is also discussed.
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| 7 |
ID:
118829
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In Europe, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) provides for compulsory energy performance certification (labelling) for all existing dwellings. In the Netherlands, a labelling scheme was introduced in 2008. Certificates contain the energy label of the dwelling and corresponding theoretical gas and electricity consumption, calculated based on the dwellings physical characteristics, its heating, ventilation and cooling systems and standard use characteristics. This paper reports on a large-scale study of around 200,000 dwellings comparing labels and theoretical energy use with data on actual energy use. The study shows that dwellings with a low energy label actually consume much less energy than predicted by the label, but on the other hand, energy-efficient dwellings consume more than predicted. In practice, policy targets are set according to the theoretical rather than the actual consumptions of the building stock. In line with identified discrepancies, the study shows that whereas most energy reduction targets can be met according to the theoretical energy consumption of the dwelling stock, the future actual energy reduction potential is much lower and fails to meet most of the current energy reduction targets.
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| 8 |
ID:
094226
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