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| 1 |
ID:
137747
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| Summary/Abstract |
Water and energy are important resources for regional economies and are inextricably and reciprocally linked. Global water and energy demand will increase significantly by 2030 while climate change will worsen water availability. Thus, it is important to ensure a sustainable energy supply despite the increasing severity of water resource constraints. Numerous studies have analyzed water requirements to produce energy from production perspectives. However, energy is generally supplied by both internal and external producers. Thus, it is necessary to consider the availability of water to produce energy from consumption perspectives also. We evaluate the water footprint of the energy supply of Liaoning Province, China. We apply the standard top-down approach using an input–output framework. We estimate the water footprint of the energy supply of Liaoning Province at 854 million m3 in 2002, with 47% of water used for electricity and heating. Our results reveal that energy supply could depend on water resources in neighboring provinces; external producers met 80% of the water footprint of energy supply, although only 35% of energy supply was imported. If Liaoning Province decreased its external dependency, withdrawal of available water resources within the province would increase from 86% to 91%. To guarantee future regional energy security, it is important to manage water resources effectively through water-efficient electricity generation and by allocating water resources among sectors.
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| 2 |
ID:
094237
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy diversification and the use of renewable energy sources are key points in the European energy strategy. Biofuels are the most popular renewable resource option for the transport sector, and the European Union has established objectives that the Member States must adopt and implement. However, biofuel production at such a scale requires a considerable amount of water resources, and this water-energy nexus is rarely taken into account. This paper shows the strong nexus between water and energy in biofuel production and estimates the virtual water (VW) content and the water footprint (WF) from the raw material production that will be needed to reach the Spanish targets for biofuel consumption by 2010. The results show how the impact of such targets on the global and local water situation could be reduced through virtual water imports and, at the same time, how these imports could increase Spain's water and energy dependence. Hence, in order to manage water from an integral perspective of the territory, the inclusion of biofuel consumption objectives should go hand in hand with measures to reduce the demand of energy in the transport sector.
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| 3 |
ID:
166997
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| Summary/Abstract |
To reflect an important aspect of the water footprint of thermal power in China, this study as an extension of a previous work (Wu et al., 2018a) uncovers the high amount of industrial water use induced by plant infrastructure of a typical coal-fired power generation system. The systems process method is used by combining process analysis and water intensities obtained from systems input-output analysis. Industrial water use induced by plant infrastructure is accounted to be several times greater than previous estimates, and approximate to or much larger than that induced by fuel mining, preparation and transport in total. For per unit of electricity output, the water use by plant infrastructure amounts to 8.4% of the direct freshwater withdrawal for the majority of supercritical thermal power plants equipped with wet tower cooling, and even up to 38% of the freshwater withdrawal for some plants with air tower cooling. The annual water use induced by coal-fired power generation infrastructure in China is estimated to be 0.6%, 7%, and 23% of the annual freshwater withdrawal by China, Japan, and United Kingdom, respectively. The outcome provides a benchmark for policy makers to measure and curb the upstream water use by plant infrastructure.
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