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| 1 |
ID:
123689
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
AbstractThis article elaborates on the place of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, also known as Rio+20) in a forty-year trajectory of international sustainable development negotiations, particularly through the processes placed in motion during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit event. The negotiation of the final UNCSD document also can be evaluated in its own right, and the article examines this process in the second section, keeping in mind the negotiating system in which the talks took place. The final section focuses on the process as a post-agreement negotiation and considers the role of the twenty-year milestone negotiations in shaping the sustainable development regime. The article explores in particular the role that consensus negotiated agreements have played as the regime's decision-making procedure, and how this procedure has faltered as the complexity - including the number of issues, actors and obligations incorporated into the regime - has increased. Two elements from the Rio+20 outcome - a "take-it-or-change-it" facilitation approach of the Brazilian hosts and the adoption of a process to create "sustainable development goals" as a different means to focus international expectations - are presented as new directions for decision making in the regime's next rounds of regime governance and regime adjustment negotiations.
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| 2 |
ID:
095983
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Despite a general acknowledgement that knowledge about identities is essential for understanding international relations, surprisingly little has been written about what actually activates one of a state's many identities and not another. More generally, the article suggests that situational relevance and commitment are of importance. More specifically, it is suggested that a policy area's legitimisation is a factor that may affect the commitment to a collective identity. The argument is illustrated by the case of 'Norden', as the inhabitants of Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden call their territory. The end of the Cold War and Sweden and Finland joining Denmark in the European Union (EU) put Nordic identity under severe stress in the beginning of the 1990s. As shown, this collective identity was intensely active in the case of the Nordic Passport Union, but less so in the case of environmental negotiations.
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