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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
096635
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Peak demand for electricity in North America is expected to grow, challenging electrical utilities to supply this demand in a cost-effective, reliable manner. Therefore, there is growing interest in strategies to reduce peak demand by eliminating electricity use, or shifting it to non-peak times. This strategy is commonly called "demand response". In households, common strategies are time-varying pricing, which charge more for energy use on peak, or direct load control, which allows utilities to curtail certain loads during high demand periods. We reviewed recent North American studies of these strategies. The data suggest that the most effective strategy is a critical peak price (CPP) program with enabling technology to automatically curtail loads on event days. There is little evidence that this causes substantial hardship for occupants, particularly if they have input into which loads are controlled and how, and have an override option. In such cases, a peak load reduction of at least 30% is a reasonable expectation. It might be possible to attain such load reductions without enabling technology by focusing on household types more likely to respond, and providing them with excellent support. A simple time-of-use (TOU) program can only expect to realise on-peak reductions of 5%.
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| 2 |
ID:
176109
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper analyzes the energy consumption behavior of urban households in Nepal during the energy crisis induced by the unofficial Indian economic blockade in 2015. Our findings suggest that urban households have a smaller marginal utility attached to the consumption of one more unit of electricity relative to other dirty energy sources like firewood. The 2015 economic blockade had some deteriorating impacts on a household fuel choice as they were forced to degrade to firewood for cooking. However, to some extent, the blockade also seems to have acted as a push factor for some households towards cleaner sources like electricity largely due to the distrust in the supply of petroleum fuels. There is a variation in energy consumption behavior of households, which is explained by different demographic and socioeconomic attributes of the household. Households with a better educated head and those headed by a female are generally more amenable to cleaner fuels such as electricity. On the other hand, larger households and those residing outside the Kathmandu valley are less likely to make the jump to cleaner fuels. House ownership and number of rooms used were found to have no significant association with the energy consumption behavior of households residing in urban Nepal.
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| 3 |
ID:
177435
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| Summary/Abstract |
Developing countries are facing electrical energy shortage problems. These nations are adopting load shedding to protect their national grids from instabilities. In this research, load shedding is analyzed where customers opt for the use of uninterrupted power supplies (UPS) and store energy in batteries. It is found that Pakistan has wasted 7117 GWh of energy by charging and discharging the batteries of UPS by 26, 201, 910 residential and commercial customers of the country in 2018. The energy deficit of Pakistan can be reduced from 8.7% to just 1.5% by removing all UPS from the national grid. Several renewable alternatives such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, concentrated solar power plants, pump-hydro on dams, floating PV systems, wind turbines, and PV energy import from the Middle East have been suggested. Analytic hierarchy process is used for the selection of best city and best lake for PV and floating PV system respectively based on multivariable criteria. Pakistan overcame the gap between the electrical load demand and capability in 2019. A reduction of 77% in load shedding in Pakistan resulted in a dipping of load peak of 26 GW in 2018 to 25 GW in 2019. This drop-in load in 2019 is a direct result of the removal of 77% of UPS from the national grid. India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and other developing countries can use this analysis to enhance their power systems.
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