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| 1 |
ID:
151518
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| Summary/Abstract |
The spectacular scale and speed of China’s domestic renewable energy capacity development and technology catch-up has in recent years been followed by the ‘go out’ of Chinese clean energy technology firms seeking new markets and opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper explores the growing involvement of China in the development and transfer of renewable energy technologies in Africa and examines the key drivers and obstacles shaping Chinese renewable energy investments and exports. Far from there being some kind of grand or harmonious strategy directed by a single monolithic state, we argue that fragmented and decentralised state apparatuses and quasi-market actors in China are increasingly pursuing their own independent interests and agendas around renewable energy in Africa in ways often marked by conflict, inconsistency and incoherence. Moving beyond the state-centric analysis common in much of the research on contemporary China–Africa relations, we examine the motivations of a range of non-state and quasi-state actors, as well their different perceptions and constructions of risk, policy environments and political stability in recipient countries. The paper explores the case study example of South Africa, where Chinese firms have become increasingly significant in the diffusion of renewable energy technology.
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| 2 |
ID:
125745
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Recently, there is a renewed interest in car dieselization in China to address the challenge of oil security. We developed an econometric model to estimate the vehicle fuels and crude oil demands. The results indicate that if the average travel distance of cars is maintained at the level of 2010-16,000 km/yr, and if the distillation products mix of the refineries remains unchanged, China's crude oil demand in 2020 will reach 1060 million tonnes (Mt), which also results in an excess supply of 107 Mt of diesel. A new balance of diesel supply and demand can be reached and crude oil demand can be significantly reduced to 840 Mt by improving the production ratio between diesel and gasoline on the supply side and promoting passenger vehicle dieselization on the demand side. The crude oil demand will be reduced to 810 Mt in 2020, if the vehicle travel distance gradually drops to 12,000 km/yr. If so, dieselization will provide a rather limited added value-only 6% further oil saving by 2020. Dieselization is not a silver bullet but it depends on a series of key factors: growth rate of gross domestic products (GDP), vehicle sales, and vehicle annual travel distance.
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| 3 |
ID:
096675
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
China has a long history of internal and international migration and has a significant number of diasporas around the globe. From being predominately a country of emmigration, China has now witnessed growing rates of return migration, due to its rising economic status in the world. This article seeks to provide a historical review of international migration from China in different periods, from ancient China to after the founding of the People's Republic of China. It also examines the recent trends of new waves of Chinese migration such as student migration to Europe and touches on issues of government policy and the role of overseas diasporas in the course of Chinese history. By analysing a wide range of data, including published statistics and published papers, this paper illustrates the evolution of changing patterns of international migration from China and its impact for China on the rest of the world.
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| 4 |
ID:
144094
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| Summary/Abstract |
China’s establishment of its Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) is yet another manifestation on the strenuous development of regional security in East Asia. China by virtue of its so-called lawfare has instrumentalized international air law, the law of the sea, and law on the use force to reinforce its comprehensive security doctrine both on the military as well as economic front. Accordingly, China has advanced is sovereign interests through each of these branches of international law when extending its domestic laws in airspace above its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), affirming its sovereignty over the disputed islands and being prepared to respond to imminent threats. Conversely, opponents of the zone have equally exploited those normative frameworks to defend their geopolitical and strategic interests in East Asia under the veil of the communitarian freedoms of overflight.
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| 5 |
ID:
147831
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| Summary/Abstract |
China’s recent development of a modern legal system coupled with
unparalleled economic growth have drawn substantial attention from
commercial law scholars. This review summarizes Chinese- and
English-language commercial law academic literature from the past
decade contributed by both Chinese and non-Chinese scholars while
discussing their di erences. China’s use of vague laws that rely upon
implementation rules resulted in a substantial proportion of articles
focusing on policy discussions and comparison to foreign approaches.
Subsequently, a common theme in both Chinese and English literature
was transplantation of foreign law.
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| 6 |
ID:
163441
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| Summary/Abstract |
The European Union (EU) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) in January 2014 decided to launch negotiations on a bilateral treaty addressing the promotion and protection of investment between the two parties. This article mainly examines the legal positions from which the parties will proceed their negotiations in terms of the non-discriminatory standards, that is, the national treatment and the most-favored-nation treatment, which are said to be the cornerstone of foreign investment protection, by focusing on the evolution of non-discriminatory standards in China’s BITs against the same standards in the EU BITs, in particular, the EU’s recently concluded three important treaties regulating, among other things, foreign investment, namely with Canada, Singapore and Vietnam. Domestically, the reference value of BITs signed by China in the 1980s and 1990s has been significantly affected by the dynamic economic reform and market development in the past four decades. Essentially, globalisation has fundamentally lifted China’s foreign investment standards up to international standards. As a result, while the market anticipates the difficulties in the ongoing negotiations, the gap between the EU and China, as argued in this article, should be noticeably slight when the EU and China come to negotiate the non-discriminatory standards.
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| 7 |
ID:
102579
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In stark contrast to the explosive growth of Chinese bilateral investment treaties (BITs), the utility of these BITs has been very limited, which is, as argued, attributable to the restrictive investor-State arbitration clauses in these BITs. Against this background, the jurisdictional award of the recent International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case, Tza Yap Shum v. The Republic of Peru, therefore, is of particular significance as the governing treaty, the Agreement Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Peru Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments of 1994, embodied a narrow dispute settlement clause. This article attempts, in the context of established international investment case law, to scrutinize several key aspects of the investor-State arbitration clause that were heavily debated and arbitrated in the case of Tza Yap Shum as well as the treaty interpretation methodologies employed by the tribunal.
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| 8 |
ID:
177418
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| Summary/Abstract |
China has entered the age of grid-parity for solar PV technologies, which impose significant challenges for the Chinese government to continue its support on this fast growing sector. The traditional rationale and design of many green industrial policies (GIPs) in the renewable energy sector, such as the multi-tiered feed-in tariff system introduced at earlier stage, has become increasingly inefficient. New policy approaches are needed. We use a case study of Integrated Solar Energy and Desertification Prevention (ISE-DP) initiative in China's Inner Mongolia region to investigate the potential of providing further support for the solar PV industry on the basis of the accrued development benefit, such as ecological restoration, agricultural outputs, and local employment.
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| 9 |
ID:
191328
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| Summary/Abstract |
Like many countries in Africa, Ethiopia has been promoting renewable energy deployment via a number of policies and policy instruments, including through a a public-private partnership scheme. However, these newly introduced green industrial policies (GIPs) encountered obstacles leading to delays in project planning and implementation. In this paper, we argue that the coordination failures among key policy stakeholders, both internally and externally, is a central cause for the ineffective implementation of GIPs in Ethiopia. Our analysis shows that adequate sectoral expertise and coordination capacity of the steering agency are critical, as managing multiple conflicts of interest and preferences among key stakeholders are inevitable when GIPs are introduced. In addition, GIPs often contain multiple objectives ranging from green industrialisation, environmental or climate impacts, and social or economic benefits. Yet the trade-offs among these objectives during the policy implementation should be well recognised and a clearly defined priority is required, which again demands a capable and autonomous steering agency in the host country.
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| 10 |
ID:
173461
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| Summary/Abstract |
In an effort to fight against local protectionism in court enforcement proceedings, China's Supreme People's Court (SPC) promulgated its “Notice on relevant issues pertaining to the people's court handling foreign and foreign-related arbitration” in 1995. Pursuant to this Notice, all Intermediate People's Courts have to report to the SPC and obtain its approval for any decision not to enforce a foreign or foreign-related arbitral award. However, the effectiveness of this internal reporting mechanism in constraining local protectionism has never been empirically tested. This study is based on 98 publicly available non-enforcement reply opinions rendered by the SPC after lower courts have made and reported preliminary non-enforcement decisions. It analyses whether these non-enforcement decisions show any pattern of local protectionism. Statistical results do not suggest that local protectionism is a major barrier hindering effective enforcement of foreign or foreign-related arbitral awards in China. We therefore contend that this internal reporting system may serve other functions by providing an alternative tool to reinforce judicial oversight in spite of China's weak appellant system. At the same time, the Chinese government seems to rely on this internal reporting system to achieve important policy goals. In this sense, analysing the functionality of this internal reporting system offers insights into this mechanism for top-level judicial control.
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| 11 |
ID:
190968
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| Summary/Abstract |
The central–local structure is a unique perspective for both China’s constitutional law and party-state structure. However, the conventional approach to this issue pays great attention to its structural framework. This paper takes a unique approach to the functionality of local government guidance funds, an increasingly frequently used method for local governments to implement national projects like Made in China 2025. The project has been one of the several controversies between the United States and China in their ongoing trade confrontation. Built upon an analysis of paradigms in central–local relations, this paper further investigates the rule of law movement at the level of local government, an often ignored and under-discussed aspect of China’s central–local structure. The tentative conclusion is that the use of local government guidance funds facilitates local competition and promotes the rule of law.
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| 12 |
ID:
115656
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
A well-to-wheels life cycle analysis on total energy consumptions and greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions for alternative fuels and accompanying vehicle technologies has been carried out for the base year 2010 and projected to 2020 based on data gathered and estimates developed for China. The fuels considered include gasoline, diesel, natural gas, liquid fuels from coal conversion, methanol, bio-ethanol and biodiesel, electricity and hydrogen. Use of liquid fuels including methanol and Fischer-Tropsch derived from coal will significantly increase GHG emissions relative to use of conventional gasoline. Use of starch-based bio-ethanol will incur a substantial carbon disbenefit because of the present highly inefficient agricultural practice and plant processing in China. Electrification of vehicles via hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) and battery electric vehicle technologies offers a progressively improved prospect for the reduction of energy consumption and GHG emission. However, the long-term carbon emission reduction is assured only when the needed electricity is generated by zero- or low-carbon sources, which means that carbon capture and storage is a necessity for fossil-based feedstocks. A PHEV that runs on zero- or low-carbon electricity and cellulosic ethanol may be one of the most attractive fuel-vehicle options in a carbon-constrained world.
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