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| 1 |
ID:
097437
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Modern forms of energy are an important vehicle towards poverty alleviation in rural areas of developing countries. Most developing countries' households rely heavily on wood fuel which impacts on their health and socio-economic status. To ease such a dependency, other modern forms of energy, namely electricity, need to be provided. However, the quality of the electricity service, namely reliability, is an important factor in reducing this dependency. This paper discusses a choice experiment valuation study conducted among electrified rural households located in Kisumu, Kenya, in which the willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid power outages or blackouts was estimated. A mixed logit estimation was applied to identify the various socio-economic and demographic characteristics which determine preferences in reducing power outages among a household's users. In conclusion, several of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics outlined in this paper were identified and can assist service differentiation to accommodate the diverse households' preferences towards the improvement of the electricity service.
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| 2 |
ID:
166402
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| Summary/Abstract |
Many studies have estimated the effects of rising air temperatures due to climate change on electricity infrastructure systems, but none have quantified impacts in terms of potential outages down to the neighborhood scale. Using high-resolution climate projections, infrastructure maps, and forecasts of peak electricity demand for Los Angeles County (LAC), we estimated vulnerabilities in the electricity infrastructure to 2060. We considered rising air temperatures under IPCC RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 at 2 km2 grid cell resolution, two local government population growth scenarios, different efficiency implementations of new residential and commercial buildings, air conditioners (AC), and higher AC penetration. Results were that generators, substations, and transmission lines could lose up to 20% of safe operating capacities (MW). Moreover, based on recent historical load factors for substations in the Southern California Edison service territory, 848–6,724 MW (4–32%) of additional capacity, distributed energy resources, and/or peak load shifting could be needed by 2060 to avoid hardware overloading and outages. If peak load is not mitigated, and/or additional infrastructure capacity not added, then all scenarios result in > 100% substation overloading in Santa Clarita, which would trigger automatic outages, and > 20% substation overloading in at least Lancaster, Palmdale, and Pomona in which protection gear could trip outages within 30 min. Several climate change adaptation options are discussed for electricity infrastructure and building stock with consideration for trade-offs in system stability and other energy and environmental goals.
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| 3 |
ID:
192724
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| Summary/Abstract |
Reliable electricity is a key factor in improving the living conditions of households and sustainable development of countries. Developing country governments and international organizations address the question of how to obtain a reliable supply of electricity and thus eliminate power outages at the top of their political agendas. In this framework, the aim of this paper is to estimate the willingness to pay of Indian urban consumers for having a continuous supply of electricity, avoiding unexpected power outages, using contingent valuation method. Two different econometric approaches are used. The households in the survey have been asked to state their willingness to pay for five different types of outages. Empirical data from 1043 Indian households has been analyzed using double hurdle approach. The econometric results indicate that, among the investigated households with an average individual annual income around $1630,00, their willingness to pay to avoid power outage strictly depend on the length of outages ranging, on average, from $0.37 (2 h) $3.00 (12 h), that is, households prefer to reduce the duration of outages. Further, income and environmental attitude of respondents positively influence higher WTP to avoid power outages. Our findings provide useful insights for policy makers to design and promote more reliable and customer centric energy generation and distribution models.
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| 4 |
ID:
176841
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| Summary/Abstract |
Extensive infrastructure breakdowns are likely to become more frequent in the future as a result of continually complex and interconnected infrastructures vulnerable to weather and climate changes as well as intended attacks. By means of ethnographic interviews with households in Norway, this article examines their engagement in preparing for and coping with such breakdowns. It focusses on the division of responsibility between households, the authorities, and industry actors, and demonstrates that households do not believe they are responsible for preparedness, saw little advantage in contacting the authorities or industry actors, and chose to wait until someone handled the outage. However seemingly unprepared, households mobilised their social networks, used skills from previous experiences, local knowledge on infrastructure and weather, and material resources. Despite low engagement in the preparedness measures suggested by the authorities, we propose households to be considered key actors in societal preparedness by calling for greater attention to the socially shared practices households engage in that are not explicit preparedness actions, and for crisis management policies in the energy sector to provide the vehicles to mobilise household resources.
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