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| 1 |
ID:
115139
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
There is a global resurgence in solar thermal power across the world. This paper provides a transparent framework for calculating the cost of generated electricity from a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant and the internal rate of return on equity. The different factors contributing to the capital cost and generation cost of CSP technology have been discussed. The effect of variation of plant size, solar insolation and discount rate has been shown. India has launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) and plans to install 20 GW of grid connected solar power by 2022. An analysis of the bids received in the National Thermal Power Corporation's Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd. (NVVN) bidding process, indicates that successful companies have access to low interest capital (effective discount rate ranging from 6.3-12.2%). With the current generation cost of 11-12 Rs/kW h (24-25 US Cents/kW h), an achievable target for CSP in the future is likely to be 6.5-7 Rs/kW h (14-15 US Cents/kW h). This may be possible through reductions in solar field and power block costs combined with increases in collector and overall plant efficiency.
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| 2 |
ID:
098656
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This study models the costs of electricity generation with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), from generation at the power plant to carbon injection at the reservoir, examining the economic factors that affect technology choice and CCS costs at the individual plant level. The results suggest that natural gas and coal prices have profound impacts on the carbon price needed to induce CCS. To extend previous analyses we develop a "cost region" graph that models technology choice as a function of carbon and fuel prices. Generally, the least-cost technology at low carbon prices is pulverized coal, while intermediate carbon prices favor natural gas technologies and high carbon prices favor coal gasification with capture. However, the specific carbon prices at which these transitions occur is largely determined by the price of natural gas. For instance, the CCS-justifying carbon price ranges from $27/t CO2 at high natural gas prices to $54/t CO2 at low natural gas prices. This result has important implications for potential climate change legislation. The capital costs of the generation and CO2 capture plant are also highly important, while pipeline distance and criteria pollutant control are less significant.
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| 3 |
ID:
127997
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Commuting is one of the main contributors to the high energy consumption patterns in modern economies. The need to reduce the energy spent in commuting has attracted the attention of academics and policy makers. The main goal of this research is to improve knowledge of the economic, social, energy and environmental opportunity costs of inter-municipality commuting and to support policy-oriented strategies that explicitly take them into account. For this, we use hypothetical assumptions based on the baseline scenario that Portuguese households do not travel between municipalities for commuting purposes coupled with the expected changes in private final consumption. Accordingly, the direct, indirect and induced opportunity costs of inter-municipality commuting are assessed using an input-output model. The significance of the estimated virtual net benefits of commuting is analyzed according to their macroeconomic (GVA, taxes, international imports and employment), energy (primary energy consumption) and environmental (CO2 emissions) dimensions. The results obtained empirically indicate that inter-municipality commuting has significant opportunity costs in the GVA and GDP as well as in primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The results also indicate that commuters in metropolitan regions and long-distance commuters are responsible for a major share of these opportunity costs.
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| 4 |
ID:
149857
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| Summary/Abstract |
The shortage of electrical energy has led Pakistan to a severe energy crisis. A huge mismatch of demand and supply forces the utilities to resort to load-shedding. To overcome this chronic problem the people need to either conserve energy or use some means to fulfil their energy requirements during the load-shedding hours. An easier approach in this regard is the utilization of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) at user ends. However, due to the absence of any Governmental regulations the Pakistani markets are flooded with low-quality, locally-made UPSs. In this context it was decided to conduct this research, i.e. to explore the impact of these UPSs on the Pakistan's power system.
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| 5 |
ID:
171012
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| Summary/Abstract |
While women have been present on battlefields through history, their roles have expanded considerably in recent decades. The lifting of remaining restrictions fits into the pattern of expansion over time. Here, we focus on the Marine Corps infantry. We model the entry of women into infantry positions over time, but we also provide context for the current changes based on previous U.S. experience, and the experiences of other countries. Previous experiences opening closed occupations to women suggest that a variety of specific strategies are likely to be helpful to the Marines’ integration efforts. Both our cost model and previous experiences suggest that the proportion of women in the Marine Corps infantry is likely to grow very slowly; rates at which women complete training and remain in the Marine Corps will have a substantial impact on this growth. Mostly because growth is expected to be slow, the personnel-related costs of integration are predicted to be modest.
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