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| 1 |
ID:
183572
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| Summary/Abstract |
Access to an uninterrupted electricity supply is an important driver of growth and human development. However, people in many developing countries do not yet have access to a steady electricity supply – partly due to power cuts, blackouts, and load-shedding. Such disasters exert pressure on households and hinder energy modernization. This paper investigates how households' fuel choices are possibly distorted amidst unreliable electricity supply. It studied households' cooking fuel choices and fuel switching behavior in the face of the load-shedding problem in Nepal (2006–2016). This study employs two National Living Standard Surveys (NLSSs) and four Annual Household Surveys (AHSs). Multinomial Logit and Multinomial Probit model estimations suggest that the crisis delayed households' energy modernization drive. Furthermore, households diversified their fuel basket and increased ‘energy stacking’ in response to the crisis. Despite a trend of increasing preferences towards modern fuels, significant reliance on traditional fuels remains. Therefore, it is recommended to improve supply reliability remarkably for a successful transition toward modern energy. Moreover, the nature of the crisis needs to be well understood to formulate efficient policies on energy transition since different crises might affect households differently.
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| 2 |
ID:
099349
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2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In Mozambique, domestic energy is often composed of a mix of sources, primarily used for lighting and cooking, with biomass and kerosene as more common sources. Electrification programs, intended to connect new consumers countrywide, have not significantly contributed either to the intensification of electricity consumption or to the reduction of the use of biomass in households. The choice of energy source is dependent on price and on the capability of the household to invest in energy-consuming appliances. Based on the data from a household survey carried out in Mozambique during 2002/03, this paper analyzes the geographic differences in unit expenditures for domestic energy and finds evidence of an inverted energy ladder with prices of useful energy units. The data show that biomass sources are often more expensive per unit of useful energy than higher-grade sources, supporting arguments favoring electrification as a poverty alleviation strategy. In addition, this study estimates the likelihood of poor households transitioning from biomass to electricity consumption based on various factors. Results indicate that income is not a determining factor in the transition, but wealth and the level of the Primary Energy Consumption Share (PECS) are as important factors as the nature of the energy mix.
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| 3 |
ID:
186455
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| Summary/Abstract |
Understanding the dynamic behaviour of Sub-Saharan African households as they move along the energy ladder is essential for the energy transition in developing countries. This study applies Fixed and Random effect panel data models to analyse the drivers of rural and urban households' energy transition in Nigeria from 2010 to 2018. The estimation results from the panel models with robust standard errors show that rural households tend to increase their expenses on fuel sources that potentially substitute the energy source whose prices have increased. However, there is no significant relationship between the price and expenditure on different fuels in urban households. Irrespective of spatiality, we find that aside from income – education, household size, and internet access are essential drivers of household fuel choices. More importantly, we find evidence of reverse energy transition. We argue that this reverse energy transition limits the shift to cleaner fuels and increases the economic vulnerabilities of rural households. Our analysis also reveals that Nigerians’ preference for fuels is shifting to be price inelastic. We make a strong case for policies and interventions that raise household income, empower women, reduce the cost of living, and improve clean and affordable energy access to encourage energy transition.
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| 4 |
ID:
115677
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
As energy consumption is closely related to all aspects of human life, it becomes the standard by which to measure people's quality of life and the national development level. Based on the "energy ladder" hypothesis, we conducted questionnaire surveys in the Western Loess Plateau of China, and accessed a considerable amount of information about the energy usage of rural and urban households. The results show that the per capita effective heat is 323.3, 282.8, 250.0 and 123.6 kgce in the provincial capital, medium-sized cities, county towns and rural areas, respectively. The energy ladder feature is obvious. Using 719 sample data, the multiple regression analysis was conducted between per capita effective heat and two independent variables including per capita income and the attributes of energy used, the parameter estimation of the cross-quadratic model produced more significant effects. The three-dimensional graph clearly shows the differences in living standards and survival status between urban and rural households. High-income residents in urban areas consume more high-quality energy, they enjoy an affluent lifestyle. While low-income households in rural areas obtain less effective heat, and use poor quality fuels, they are still at the level of basic survival.
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