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PROMOTION SYSTEM (2) answer(s).
 
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ID:   181935


Balances, Norms and Institutions: Why Elite Politics in the CCP Have Not Institutionalized / Fewsmith, Joseph   Journal Article
Fewsmith, Joseph Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract In recent years, explanations of the Chinese Communist Party's longevity as a ruling party have focused on institutionalization. But a close look at the four leaders of China since 1978 reveal that institutions have remained weak. Of much greater importance have been balances that reflect the informal distribution of power and norms that express agreed-upon Party procedures. Of yet even greater importance have been the efforts of individual leaders to concentrate power in themselves through the appointment of protégés to critical positions. Such leaders also attempt to extend their influence beyond their terms in office through those protégés and their roles as “elders.” Thus, we see a tension between Party norms and the centralizing tendencies of Leninist systems in which the centralizing tendencies usually prevail. With Xi Jinping, we see a far greater personalization of power disrupting the norms and balances existing under previous leaders.
Key Words China  Balance  Norms  Institutionalization  Promotion System  Informal Politics 
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2
ID:   100950


Promotion system in the army: dealing with peacetime atrophy / Bakshi, G D   Journal Article
Bakshi, G D Journal Article
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Publication 2010.
Summary/Abstract In practice, it has been found that a peacetime army tends to atrophy and lose its war fighting orientation. It develops a lopsided emphasis on peacetime routine, spit and polish. In fact, a wartime army may well be the very anti-thesis of a peacetime army. Years of non-use of the military instrument sometimes results in the rusting of its value system and ethos. It is a primary challenge for military leaders, therefore, to maintain and sustain peak combat efficiency during spells of peace; to anticipate the nature of future conflicts and organize, equip and train the army to prepare for these.
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