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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
126117
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
A deliberate attack involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) material has the potential to cause substantial fear among the public. This presents problems for communicators, who will need to provide information quickly after an attack while ensuring that their messages are easily understood and likely to be attended to by members of the public. Identifying in advance what people would want to know, where they would get information from, and how messages should be presented might allow communicators to ensure that their messages have the best chance of having their desired effect. In this review, we identified all peer-reviewed studies that have assessed communication strategies or information needs using hypothetical CBRN scenarios or in actual CBRN incidents. We identified 33 relevant studies. Their results support existing psychological models of why people engage in health protective behaviors, with information about the severity of the incident, the likelihood of being exposed, the efficacy and costs or risks of recommended behaviors, and the ability of individuals to perform recommended behaviors being sought by the public. Trust plays a crucial role in ensuring that people attend to messages. Finally, while a large variety of spokespeople and sources were identified as being turned to in the event of an incident, the use of multiple information sources was also common, affirming the importance of communicating a consistent message through multiple channels. Further research is required to extend these predominantly US-based findings to other countries and to confirm the findings of research using hypothetical scenarios.
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| 2 |
ID:
159500
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Politicians shirk when their performance is obscure to constituents. We theorize that when politician performance information is disseminated early in the electoral term, politicians will subsequently improve their performance in anticipation of changes in citizens’ evaluative criteria and possible challenger entry in the next election. However, politicians may only respond in constituencies where opposition has previously mounted. We test these predictions in partnership with a Ugandan civil society organization in a multiyear field experiment conducted in 20 district governments between the 2011 and 2016 elections. While the organization published yearly job duty performance scorecards for all incumbents, it disseminated the scorecards to constituents for randomly selected politicians. These dissemination efforts induced politicians to improve performance across a range of measures, but only in competitive constituencies. Service delivery was unaffected. We conclude that, conditional on electoral pressure, transparency can improve politicians’ performance between elections but not outcomes outside of their control.
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| 3 |
ID:
101410
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
These days the number of projects trying to urge a change in the occupant's behaviour towards a sustainable one is increasing. However, still less is known about the effect of such measures. This paper describes the findings of two investigations, a field measurement and an Internet-based survey, both including the dissemination of information about strategies for a high level of comfort without much energy usage. The focus was on the ability to quantify the effect of such measures on the heating and cooling behaviour. As a result, those who participated in a workshop were more likely to change their behaviour than those who received an information brochure only; whether this was due to the method employed or the type of participants could not be ascertained. However, the workshop participants reduced their cooling device usage by up to 16%. The concept of exergy was used to show how this reduction affects the exergy consumption of the cooling device, because it enables us to consider the qualitative aspect of energy as a quantity to be calculated. This showed that the exergy consumed by the workshop group was reduced by up to 20% comparing their behaviour before and after the information dissemination.
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| 4 |
ID:
108529
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The article argues that North Korean society is designed in a way which makes it
quite immune to pressure and incentives which originate externally. The only
force which in the long run has the capacity to place the North Korean leaders
under sufficient pressure is the North Korean people (and the Cold War experience
demonstrated that such pressure might be decisive). Due to the peculiar situation
of the divided nation and the exceptional success of the South, the North Korean
regime is especially vulnerable to the spread of truthful and uncensored information
about the outside world. So, a low-profile, determined and prolonged information
dissemination campaign is necessary. The North Korean populace should be made
aware of the prosperity of South Korea. The nationalist pretensions of the Kim
regime should be rebuffed. The North Koreans should also be frankly informed
of the less attractive features of the modern world as well. While radio broadcasts
remain the major media for delivering the message, the spread of new digital
technologies creates new opportunities which should be seriously exploited as
well, including video documentaries and electronic books.
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