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| 1 |
ID:
110094
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2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN THE 20TH CENTURY, time stalled in Turkey and decline reigned. During World War I, the country was falling apart under the blows of foreign armies which came to grab the rich territories of the Middle East. Having lost Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq it shrank to its historical minimum. Tukey's foreign policy impact hinged on the Black Sea straits' exceptional geographic importance and was limited to Asia Minor.
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| 2 |
ID:
124803
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
TODAY, the peoples of the Middle East are living through one of the brightest and critical periods in their history known in the world as "Arab Spring." For two years now, the forces which emerged as a new political element have been fighting desperately in the name of subjugated peoples to restore their violated rights. They call on the world to support their ardent desire to free themselves from the shackles of "injustice" which have been restricting their freedom for a long time. In some cases, these efforts cause relatively little pain, in others, they run across fierce resistance of the ruling elites; they develop into street protest rallies, waves of violence and revolutionary upheavals.
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| 3 |
ID:
102805
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN THE 15TH CENTURY, Russian merchant Afanasy Nikitin driven by business interests traveled to the Arab East, Iran and India, a highly risky enterprise at that time. He went to "bring goods to the Russian land" but after three years of wandering had to admit with a great deal of bitterness: "There is no way from the Hormuz to Horasan; no way to Chagatai; no way to Baghdad; no way to Bahrain, no way to Yezd, no way to Arabia - everywhere the princes are fighting."1 This was written five centuries ago; the intrepid traveler is nearly forgotten, probably because of continued instability and the consistently failing attempts to bring peace to the region (instability was responsible for the failure of the first Russian commercial project in the Near and Middle East).
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