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| 1 |
ID:
105347
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
wo basic forms of 'lawfare' are employed by the United States in its enactment of the war on terror, both of which have a biopolitical focus. The first strategy has been well documented. 1
It involves the indefinite detention and sometimes extraordinary rendition of enemy combatants, legally sanctioned and politically justified by the 'exceptional' circumstances of late modern war and terrorist violence. Geography plays a central role in strategy number one: the legal statuses of detainees, whose lives and bodies are cast out and denied basic juridical rights, are bounded, identified and allowed for in extra-territorial spaces throughout the world, from Guantanamo Bay to Bagram Air Force Base. Such exceptional biopolitical spaces are essentially 'defensive' and operate at the local scale. On the contrary, the second seldom-discussed legal strategy conditions and protects the US military in 'offensive' mode, operates at the national and transnational scale, and involves the careful legal designation and protection of US military personnel in forward deployed areas. 2 This paper is centrally concerned with strategy number two - a strategy that can be defined as 'forward juridical warfare' and involves the US military's mobilisation of the law in the waging of war along the 'new frontiers' of its war on terror. The paper seeks to expound the legal and biopolitical constitution and operation of the current US military's forward presence overseas, and begins by drawing on recent work on biopolitics that has sought in various ways to critique the proliferation of practices of liberal lawfare and securitization in our contemporary world.
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| 2 |
ID:
115164
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Reducing CO2-e emissions from residential buildings through more stringent building codes has gained increasing international focus. Concurrently, Australian houses have steadily increased in size from 1984 to 2009. This paper estimates the capacity of building codes to reduce residential emissions and achieve progressive reduction targets in light of increasing house sizes. A Residential Emissions Calculator was developed to compare heating and cooling loads for 72 new Australian houses-based on star ratings, historic Australian house sizes by state, and international house sizes. The analysis illustrates that house size has significant impact on the capacity of residential building codes to reduce emissions, and informs three key results: (1) Victoria is forecast to dominate emissions from new houses in Australia, (2) The increase in house size from 2003 to 2009 in Victoria decreased the effectiveness of moving from 5 stars to 6 stars by 38%, (3) Progressive CO2-e reduction targets of 80% could be achieved by a variety of house size and star rating scenarios (with significant housing affordability impacts). The result posit building codes and house size as potent strategies to limit energy associated emissions and underlines the need to apply these strategies in tandem as part of integrated national emissions management policy.
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